Asian Development Bank

Asia Regional Integration Center

Economic and Financial Indicators Database

Country:Lao PDRLao PDRLao PDRLao PDRLao PDR
Sector:External SectorExternal SectorExternal SectorExternal SectorExternal Sector
Indicator:Exchange Rate, Local Currency per US$ (average)Gross International Reserves excluding Gold (y-o-y, %)Merchandise Export Growth (y-o-y, %)Merchandise Import Growth (y-o-y, %)Merchandise Trade Balance, in US$ value
Source:International Monetary FundCEIC databaseCEIC databaseCEIC database
Unit:NonePercentPercentPercentBillions
Currency:KipnonenonenoneUSD
Note:
2024-0220,842.968
2024-0120,642.905
2023-1220,656.632
2023-1120,718.2515.62922.259-0.075
2023-1020,549.94416.4417.6730.049
2023-0919,890.27822.213-2.87618.418-0.077
2023-0819,245.87613.481-4.8336.0360.028
2023-0719,038.66412.8313.52916.021-0.063
2023-0618,365.79811.937-13.925-2.037-0.084
2023-0517,519.270-2.2572.8411.313-0.096
2023-0417,138.187-2.336-13.8766.2220.039
2023-0316,909.873-0.0513.02218.3800.061
2023-0216,876.261-10.94012.33315.2480.100
2023-0117,016.345-11.769-0.547-9.5300.121
2022-1217,336.905-19.19911.69319.9530.060
2022-1117,164.263-23.90730.53316.4400.045
2022-1016,908.136-24.93328.84228.016-0.013
2022-0915,958.164-19.1621.97630.8240.075
2022-0815,256.496-16.96124.53730.6820.114
2022-0715,050.450-4.80530.08434.1570.023
2022-0614,652.1864.71317.67236.6710.015
2022-0512,987.81215.7116.40836.839-0.106
2022-0411,951.94214.15234.26811.9430.205
2022-0311,540.9987.73030.034-9.4910.167
2022-0211,413.4241.02013.6787.3620.105
2022-0111,290.2401.39934.34112.9410.052
2021-1211,057.0152.95111.9887.0160.105
2021-1110,620.1276.707-4.97714.855-0.034
2021-1010,126.0798.667-0.183-10.879-0.014
2021-099,705.957-1.51317.3204.3910.225
2021-089,587.5380.06225.6069.7190.119
2021-079,522.527-5.43212.132-2.3200.034
2021-069,463.41085.77665.2237.8870.109
2021-059,431.19274.99157.22116.4420.070
2021-049,416.31977.22054.23465.8850.051
2021-039,380.54969.94152.41239.386-0.115
2021-029,344.47274.06731.55320.9460.061
2021-019,314.17382.47512.41611.597-0.069
2020-129,290.02277.43538.091-7.6330.065
2020-119,275.64391.52827.771-15.5470.080
2020-109,241.727105.41810.2794.015-0.083
2020-099,143.761117.79128.144-11.2030.135
2020-089,099.357113.40312.206-10.6330.030
2020-079,054.196107.391-3.470-8.113-0.038
2020-069,026.023-0.600-9.713-6.639-0.126
2020-058,997.21412.875-23.172-24.067-0.087
2020-048,961.9329.243-10.769-37.4330.061
2020-038,918.18212.471-1.399-11.970-0.124
2020-028,900.90017.69317.3153.5650.008
2020-018,890.15210.99313.693-0.298-0.066
2019-128,877.70513.094-9.735-16.529-0.185
2019-118,858.9763.429-3.1573.416-0.159
2019-108,828.1044.1855.6446.176-0.110
2019-098,807.029-13.2699.21714.183-0.072
2019-088,713.8800.09719.751-2.324-0.090
2019-078,693.957-8.04514.86114.071-0.068
2019-068,661.000-9.3771.120-1.091-0.119
2019-058,638.913-19.17726.4132.836-0.122
2019-048,610.455-15.7852.0272.392-0.107
2019-038,584.024-9.280-12.505-0.504-0.196
2019-028,576.100-11.491-7.812-16.776-0.046
2019-018,555.537-7.748-1.594-6.117-0.133
2018-128,541.917-13.283-3.59818.690-0.269
2018-118,544.436-24.80230.633-8.124-0.122
2018-108,528.167-26.27923.384-3.265-0.101
2018-098,513.4352.87724.313-9.125-0.043
2018-088,488.589-17.251-2.2048.650-0.183
2018-078,417.482-9.25816.838-3.173-0.062
2018-068,400.3450.74724.86310.822-0.131
2018-058,347.6757.1700.97510.906-0.218
2018-048,306.51210.42221.47311.435-0.103
2018-038,299.4253.23316.6402.624-0.134
2018-028,283.08816.04529.0766.916-0.103
2018-018,287.63012.39073.17130.414-0.165
2017-128,299.28623.22233.7588.744-0.115
2017-118,299.59131.2597.02822.537-0.297
2017-108,297.63619.48629.72316.727-0.212
2017-098,292.095-7.3782.5829.778-0.184
2017-088,281.56519.49232.42610.608-0.128
2017-078,261.00015.3953.2029.104-0.143
2017-068,232.77313.3495.0151.371-0.165
2017-058,200.2618.47122.5494.838-0.158
2017-048,206.850-1.58926.0790.185-0.128
2017-038,203.043-4.40434.2537.681-0.192
2017-028,195.300-10.085-1.99117.226-0.167
2017-018,185.432-12.582-13.526-11.092-0.218
2016-128,181.068-16.45215.886-18.861-0.208
2016-118,159.591-10.36016.206-8.333-0.196
2016-108,124.667-3.58714.314-7.599-0.216
2016-098,097.9559.38212.364-11.141-0.144
2016-088,091.217-13.5513.611-4.203-0.177
2016-078,096.357-15.89218.870-14.105-0.111
2016-068,107.545-27.4132.159-7.175-0.176
2016-058,111.136-13.6869.335-14.185-0.210
2016-048,117.833-12.377-6.764-11.448-0.207
2016-038,124.7395.0069.583-4.953-0.260
2016-028,129.6673.95322.922-19.593-0.085
2016-018,150.90512.1362.047-12.224-0.237
2015-128,153.89118.865-1.3046.594-0.420
2015-118,156.71432.800-9.2542.209-0.298
2015-108,140.40917.313-15.634-4.979-0.296
2015-098,150.0457.440-18.3298.984-0.248
2015-088,179.45239.237-11.5521.109-0.209
2015-078,134.91342.346-14.480-3.104-0.248
2015-068,109.84157.947-6.708-16.652-0.225
2015-058,087.95217.923-0.897-9.968-0.332
2015-048,107.31820.514-17.695-8.341-0.251
2015-038,113.11424.186-28.688-4.543-0.321
2015-028,105.40026.481-8.276-11.754-0.256
2015-018,113.23831.661-21.177-21.938-0.321
2014-128,085.74620.135-13.632-25.532-0.365
2014-118,065.78625.58612.822-12.279-0.253
2014-108,062.90038.32612.7730.481-0.276
2014-098,052.01937.70138.5099.362-0.128
2014-088,056.23443.0197.756-6.819-0.164
2014-078,053.57236.4598.04517.406-0.214
2014-068,054.15830.08531.64743.212-0.314
2014-058,045.04039.08612.01028.506-0.402
2014-048,043.68044.57353.48313.579-0.233
2014-038,037.8104.84354.68013.443-0.228
2014-028,023.825-5.96921.75022.649-0.303
2014-018,027.043-18.81174.58745.012-0.416
2013-128,013.273-9.47857.00763.708-0.562
2013-117,945.524-20.0815.39320.537-0.376
2013-107,874.935-10.96116.78617.660-0.309
2013-097,849.143-2.34130.3476.607-0.193
2013-087,816.659-28.2636.12322.881-0.226
2013-077,785.7000.49836.1158.198-0.155
2013-067,715.225-11.0920.336-13.553-0.196
2013-057,664.463-3.07315.923-2.900-0.275
2013-047,687.723-13.9484.88212.557-0.297
2013-037,832.7903.543-0.8775.188-0.301
2013-027,913.7634.80130.0892.352-0.245
2013-017,961.89612.91112.96735.001-0.334
2012-127,996.6218.24613.71227.581-0.332
2012-118,007.4436.444-4.90516.790-0.276
2012-108,003.887-8.58047.38126.161-0.261
2012-097,996.788-15.791-12.89628.238-0.230
2012-088,012.987-7.43513.47330.634-0.143
2012-078,021.045-29.022-13.15934.876-0.207
2012-068,013.429-14.24136.61154.494-0.273
2012-058,012.217-17.61916.43176.512-0.332
2012-047,993.881-11.4628.63852.236-0.247
2012-037,994.136-2.33933.27541.808-0.270
2012-027,998.3336.585-16.40262.432-0.292
2012-018,018.8824.6400.32724.762-0.214
2011-128,018.955-6.33341.83724.335-0.233
2011-118,013.93211.67367.75063.841-0.179
2011-108,018.07124.6839.21134.364-0.234
2011-098,015.52331.83240.01149.110-0.099
2011-088,007.78328.17064.22648.947-0.075
2011-078,021.26220.63843.95936.483-0.052
2011-068,028.61426.22837.38219.700-0.153
2011-058,032.15930.84091.8866.512-0.115
2011-048,042.07124.50819.66125.495-0.096
2011-038,047.9788.25684.75315.078-0.178
2011-028,056.8255.02380.2802.007-0.066
2011-018,067.1195.18828.70127.525-0.132
2010-128,055.88013.17914.74641.466-0.212
2010-118,038.614-8.36097.89216.472-0.114
2010-108,054.310-13.17931.0919.237-0.146
2010-098,157.432-16.43578.442-4.400-0.055
2010-088,213.159-15.82932.7284.607-0.067
2010-078,247.6077.43680.7017.262-0.049
2010-068,275.4732.41248.58939.565-0.150
2010-058,284.2558.15918.58936.818-0.198
2010-048,385.08915.428121.39324.991-0.068
2010-038,477.62015.181-2.02045.020-0.223
2010-028,493.17515.60319.64059.327-0.165
2010-018,488.49318.71683.39732.654-0.105
2009-128,491.2599.10855.10334.018-0.121
2009-118,488.11913.290-6.07427.782-0.162
2009-108,500.20512.80727.72927.103-0.156
2009-098,516.9327.859-28.604-2.356-0.145
2009-088,518.9299.772-17.243-0.329-0.096
2009-078,518.685-8.605-19.7214.560-0.121
2009-068,527.068-13.0930.539-10.587-0.114
2009-058,544.357-15.327-1.615-4.657-0.132
2009-048,561.409-13.281-9.568-27.416-0.121
2009-038,565.068-9.6877.908-0.739-0.116
2009-028,506.700-0.7516.2666.695-0.076
2009-018,488.2161.942-25.116-10.610-0.112
2008-128,516.95717.571-13.5760.852-0.106
2008-118,562.25017.324-6.9200.908-0.101
2008-108,562.80422.373-11.5387.646-0.124
2008-098,630.21633.19741.73774.361-0.111
2008-088,643.95237.58854.64932.781-0.072
2008-078,637.26140.84046.66041.645-0.084
2008-068,704.81048.61314.48129.825-0.140
2008-058,725.68248.26814.04855.939-0.141
2008-048,729.90950.98919.08396.995-0.190
2008-038,794.14366.32628.87447.071-0.127
2008-029,123.61955.26258.69819.218-0.071
2008-019,274.47863.19361.31149.574-0.106
2007-129,401.28659.01823.34137.591-0.088
2007-119,558.45567.7803.46253.362-0.092
2007-109,614.73966.92537.20057.631-0.097
2007-099,620.00063.66713.623-6.174-0.045
2007-089,578.32669.24121.36238.798-0.070
2007-079,565.27371.7379.16228.419-0.062
2007-069,596.09564.205-3.28944.402-0.097
2007-059,598.82660.912-34.87413.364-0.068
2007-049,624.76262.51819.20120.089-0.065
2007-039,645.81853.3705.81010.388-0.076
2007-029,684.85051.7401.26823.778-0.081
2007-019,710.43542.812-16.74617.925-0.077
2006-129,697.02438.52832.18524.352-0.055
2006-119,869.09131.94771.8895.168-0.027
2006-1010,003.40930.63415.91320.932-0.052
2006-0910,029.76231.07164.88860.511-0.066
2006-0810,052.34826.06156.64121.839-0.040
2006-0710,099.76218.39472.96748.999-0.036
2006-0610,136.36418.700122.17827.410-0.037
2006-0510,067.60918.915285.24427.478-0.005
2006-0410,246.72513.267111.79927.800-0.054
2006-0310,410.26112.536106.07528.175-0.065
2006-0210,482.00010.05598.44842.357-0.054
2006-0110,690.6436.706147.25243.209-0.040
2005-123.016106.19813.691-0.048
2005-112.95679.04646.087-0.063
2005-103.438106.73324.049-0.041
2005-091.29163.38110.094-0.043
2005-08-0.32145.50322.922-0.047
2005-071.60931.880-0.779-0.032
2005-061.47435.7226.721-0.060
2005-057.65826.41215.169-0.072
2005-045.48712.00227.721-0.063
2005-035.56511.18021.438-0.074
2005-026.6216.89127.270-0.050
2005-014.7517.07737.721-0.053
2004-124.48719.78657.359-0.070
2004-115.84427.16640.388-0.051
2004-104.15113.64235.318-0.053
2004-097.15710.52148.959-0.055
2004-0814.3788.69717.654-0.045
2004-078.13329.31143.432-0.044
2004-068.16910.84843.992-0.064
2004-055.3444.61941.464-0.065
2004-0411.96932.47811.252-0.046
2004-035.98833.02538.693-0.058
2004-028.03015.36715.722-0.035
2004-0112.11718.078-16.200-0.031
2003-1216.24810.7250.787-0.038
2003-1110.60112.639-0.285-0.034
2003-1011.667-2.5222.850-0.035
2003-0911.78212.1316.439-0.029
2003-0810.23218.24328.797-0.036
2003-0717.480-3.328-0.125-0.028
2003-0623.20915.72923.714-0.038
2003-0545.5023.70410.888-0.039
2003-0441.136-7.54223.260-0.045
2003-0344.1040.1947.215-0.041
2003-0242.3279.4305.222-0.030
2003-0149.93414.40332.770-0.049
2002-1247.35516.208-12.033-0.040
2002-1151.2368.00313.771-0.037
2002-1044.13214.646-1.862-0.032
2002-0942.58611.0439.071-0.029
2002-0842.516-5.6752.767-0.025
2002-0728.80815.08115.268-0.027
2002-0627.078-4.2097.861-0.029
2002-058.200-3.964-19.886-0.034
2002-047.227-0.8500.156-0.031
2002-0316.580-13.505-4.050-0.036
2002-029.190-14.1003.466-0.029
2002-01-4.154-11.09713.430-0.033
2001-12-2.0225.93023.546-0.053
2001-110.606-5.721-19.277-0.031
2001-10-1.170-2.27312.692-0.037
2001-09-1.380-11.504-7.314-0.027
2001-08-4.511-2.018-13.440-0.022
2001-0715.607-2.26218.234-0.024
2001-0625.722-10.7400.492-0.025
2001-0524.513-3.60532.776-0.047
2001-0437.225-29.650-14.112-0.031
2001-0324.25911.29245.046-0.035
2001-0227.597-12.114-9.698-0.024
2001-0133.440-12.417-4.191-0.023
2000-1238.021-49.283-31.269-0.040
2000-1129.397-44.019-13.653-0.042
2000-1034.846-39.757-28.548-0.030
2000-0923.608-32.870-21.890-0.028
2000-0820.303-29.701-11.903-0.030
2000-078.374-39.709-32.902-0.015
2000-063.308-33.350-30.978-0.021
2000-050.712-27.143-13.090-0.028
2000-04-7.848-2.19510.367-0.030
2000-03-8.942-33.121-36.932-0.018
2000-02-6.428-2.37610.796-0.026
2000-01-5.183-4.725-10.158-0.022
1999-12-9.82640.5221.596-0.047
1999-11-5.56146.0703.241-0.035
1999-10-6.99348.55757.629-0.035
1999-09-3.11532.17417.284-0.030
1999-08-2.56034.72054.657-0.026
1999-07-4.41840.90635.590-0.018
1999-0618.6198.21352.959-0.030
1999-05-3.1397.32235.779-0.027
1999-0411.29113.66816.233-0.023
1999-0311.34118.65936.655-0.031
1999-027.3696.17125.537-0.019
1999-015.02010.4378.092-0.026
1998-120.03194.653167.975-0.057
1998-11-22.088103.14493.263-0.045
1998-10-23.61068.80381.306-0.021
1998-09-24.495120.38854.122-0.029
1998-08-28.28495.81161.336-0.013
1998-07-26.55682.99924.288-0.015
1998-06-43.16694.55339.541-0.008
1998-05-31.346107.67416.130-0.013
1998-04-41.05782.35747.583-0.019
1998-03-41.267111.17046.109-0.018
1998-02-41.30285.68425.460-0.011
1998-01-35.64276.07452.853-0.025
1997-12-33.817-40.740-54.120-0.017
1997-11-13.106-44.410-32.698-0.024
1997-1019.201-32.070-54.708-0.010
1997-0922.824-47.677-32.072-0.025
1997-0828.252-42.715-47.480-0.011
1997-0728.621-40.522-30.305-0.020
1997-0656.193-30.605-38.031-0.014
1997-0561.177-43.709-31.127-0.024
1997-0486.263-43.672-43.865-0.017
1997-0387.645-42.958-44.726-0.020
1997-0289.914-34.067-34.230-0.016
1997-0183.067-36.989-40.633-0.019
1996-1284.0109.72219.262-0.045
1996-11101.207-1.16012.939-0.032
1996-1067.5880.42830.359-0.035
1996-0970.7741.95520.738-0.031
1996-0855.873-3.40916.102-0.024
1996-0735.910-2.0942.397-0.024
1996-0628.1335.8118.495-0.025
1996-0528.2318.16512.488-0.029
1996-046.30419.23017.158-0.030
1996-038.120-1.84613.411-0.036
1996-0231.881-3.50114.799-0.025
1996-0121.7175.96743.509-0.033
1995-1251.1894.3551.063-0.036
1995-1124.511-1.260-10.621-0.025
1995-1010.199-3.873-6.263-0.021
1995-0912.8371.459-1.682-0.021
1995-0827.9957.014-10.591-0.016
1995-0742.66919.76610.748-0.023
1995-0629.4479.95215.784-0.023
1995-0525.2760.66220.161-0.025
1995-0427.0980.73731.332-0.026
1995-0324.632-0.69013.813-0.028
1995-024.0633.001-9.148-0.018
1995-0126.8693.14610.569-0.017
1994-12-3.22511.01342.612-0.036
1994-1134.81843.233-0.030
1994-1018.00335.321-0.023
1994-09-10.11922.41728.322-0.022
1994-0816.56839.089-0.023
1994-07-12.50225.807-0.022
1994-06-12.39028.93427.701-0.018
1994-0520.30418.782-0.016
1994-0423.19331.137-0.014
1994-0321.53560.6706.585-0.021
1994-0253.91052.473-0.023
1994-0155.16722.877-0.014
1993-1256.193123.95351.565-0.021
1993-11233.72437.642-0.020
1993-10244.89130.685-0.014
1993-0976.242129.31965.090-0.017
1993-08109.97142.784-0.013
1993-07215.39184.230-0.009
1993-0654.066187.92237.531-0.015
1993-05102.67688.812-0.014
1993-0471.97875.952-0.010
1993-0338.20373.212148.368-0.029
1993-02147.180167.688-0.015
1993-0178.47367.523-0.015
1992-1240.70451.84262.701-0.018
1992-11-34.398192.142-0.023
1992-10-21.875120.518-0.021
1992-0943.86869.510-0.014
1992-0830.79999.075-0.014
1992-0727.54257.791-0.011
1992-062.302102.740-0.018
1992-0541.13452.255-0.008
1992-0478.59628.726-0.005
1992-0341.1961.467-0.008
1992-0220.90848.601-0.005
1992-0160.59135.679-0.010
1991-121,513.392-14.81829.044-0.011
1991-1152.963-15.061-0.001
1991-1038.773-5.708-0.005
1991-0917.33819.572-0.007
1991-0824.62519.141-0.004
1991-0733.8865.510-0.006
1991-0630.638-0.857-0.006
1991-0542.10021.959-0.005
1991-0430.4006.174-0.007
1991-0311.76329.537-0.011
1991-0234.394-48.895-0.002
1991-0134.765-2.828-0.008
1990-1224.6449.25026.842-0.006
1990-1125.88339.772-0.006
1990-10149.22366.968-0.007
1990-09156.888-4.031-0.006
1990-087.823-8.531-0.004
1990-07-14.15011.214-0.007
1990-06216.611-33.78221.094-0.007
1990-05-27.8284.004-0.005
1990-04-41.86333.127-0.007
1990-03869.165-60.417-27.679-0.008
1990-02-70.61030.448-0.011
1990-01-72.56366.960-0.010
1989-12122.27028.0846.826-0.004
1989-11-8.237-11.668-0.004
1989-10-50.542-24.818-0.006
1989-09-74.21467.100-0.010
1989-0893.56619.407-0.005
1989-0742.69145.219-0.005
1989-061.008-18.230-0.003
1989-0573.80828.990-0.002
1989-04118.9712.231-0.001
1989-03274.598131.131-0.003
1989-02255.474122.3690.002
1989-01509.04630.7000.006
1988-1228.309122.141-0.005
1988-1155.131-4.274-0.004
1988-1086.64432.753-0.006
1988-09253.0600.0580.001
1988-08174.97566.587-0.006
1988-07304.97924.004-0.003
1988-06430.45788.134-0.005
1988-05294.43211.981-0.003
1988-04184.82579.062-0.005
1988-03143.460-22.339-0.004
1988-0272.3466.988-0.001
1988-0158.12723.211-0.004
1987-1239.405-33.664-0.000
1987-11166.25811.939-0.007
1987-10454.13521.176-0.005
1987-09260.27934.332-0.005
1987-08144.84726.759-0.005
1987-076.64938.178-0.005
1987-0677.59942.189-0.005
1987-05-39.613127.419-0.006
1987-0414.31222.966-0.004
1987-0325.220124.112-0.009
1987-0211.85222.770-0.003
1987-01236.69128.983-0.004
1986-1233.609-23.809-0.004
1986-1125.19750.433-0.007
1986-10-45.94756.232-0.006
1986-09-52.02420.029-0.005
1986-08-72.95151.282-0.004
1986-0770.997-11.568-0.003
1986-06-57.241-10.425-0.004
1986-0517.2880.227-0.001
1986-0419.16646.414-0.003
1986-0346.342-1.118-0.003
1986-02-3.12812.215-0.002
1986-01-73.770-1.020-0.004
1985-12211.067119.834-0.006
1985-11-25.46839.111-0.005
1985-10-67.24849.540-0.003
1985-09272.459-0.252-0.003
1985-08732.255-23.985-0.001
1985-07-19.13762.385-0.004
1985-06595.81278.669-0.003
1985-0584.674-27.750-0.001
1985-0442.692-20.977-0.002
1985-03-43.71848.796-0.004
1985-0266.60452.975-0.002
1985-0183.38675.485-0.002
1984-12-33.03477.519-0.003
1984-1128.27488.636-0.003
1984-10203.16726.486-0.000
1984-09-62.43197.731-0.004
1984-08-31.21079.035-0.004
1984-0714.00840.129-0.002
1984-06-68.03131.034-0.003
1984-05-68.65191.162-0.003
1984-04-79.67261.351-0.003
1984-03-59.27253.266-0.002
1984-02-55.6347.791-0.001
1984-01-82.4355.770-0.001
1983-12-24.184-74.884-0.001
1983-1126.469-45.025-0.001
1983-10-25.808-71.400-0.001
1983-09-28.383-54.081-0.001
1983-08-92.607-57.255-0.002
1983-07-78.096-65.877-0.002
1983-06-72.355-57.711-0.001
1983-054.748-48.9920.000
1983-04166.464-62.3030.001
1983-03136.669-76.1550.002
1983-028.837-76.4390.001
1983-01224.740-64.2110.003
1982-12-14.917-31.478-0.007
1982-11-5.172-11.111-0.003
1982-1030.37132.821-0.007
1982-0928.616-39.038-0.003
1982-08290.22315.750-0.001
1982-0761.13229.176-0.004
1982-06278.961-4.033-0.002
1982-05147.46511.923-0.002
1982-04161.728-6.942-0.004
1982-0316.77640.678-0.007
1982-0246.298104.878-0.007
1982-01-33.3835.133-0.004
1981-12-0.011
1981-11-0.004
1981-10-0.005
1981-09-0.007
1981-08-0.003
1981-07-0.003
1981-06-0.005
1981-05-0.003
1981-04-0.006
1981-03-0.005
1981-02-0.003
1981-01-0.003
 
 
 
ASIA REGIONAL INTEGRATION CENTER     Copyright © 2006–2024, Asian Development Bank. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited.