A compilation of all figures and tables from the Asian Economic Integration Reports. Download data in CSV or follow links to view specific figure or table from the report.
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECDStat: Services Trade Restrictiveness Index. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=STRI (accessed May 2023).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Paulo Rodelio Halili / Halili, Asian Development Bank
Services Trade Restrictiveness Index by Sector—World Average, 2022
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECDStat: Services Trade Restrictiveness Index. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=STRI (accessed May 2023).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Paulo Rodelio Halili / Halili, Asian Development Bank
Restrictive Export Measures by Selected Asian Economies, January 2022-November 2023
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index
intraregional integration
regional integration
Scope:
World
Period:
Annual (2006/2021)
Source:
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database.https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed November 2023).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Lovely Ann Tolin, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian De
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index
intraregional integration
regional integration
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
World
Source:
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed November 2023).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Lovely Ann Tolin, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian De
Intraregional Integration in Asia and the Pacific, by Dimension
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index
intersubregional
intrasubregional
regional integration
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Period:
Annual (2006/2021)
Source:
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed November 2023).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Lovely Ann Tolin, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian De
Subregional Integration Estimates—Asia and the Pacific
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index
intersubregional
intrasubregional
regional integration
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Period:
Annual (2006/2021)
Source:
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed November 2023).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Lovely Ann Tolin, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian De
Subregional Integration Estimates by Dimension—Asia and the Pacific, 2021
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index
intersubregional
intrasubregional
regional integration
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Source:
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed November 2023).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Lovely Ann Tolin, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian De
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index
intersubregional
intrasubregional
regional integration
Scope:
The Pacific
Period:
Annual (2006/2021)
Source:
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed November 2023).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Lovely Ann Tolin, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian De
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index
intersubregional
intrasubregional
regional integration
Scope:
Southeast Asia
Period:
Annual (2006/2012)
Source:
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed November 2023).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Lovely Ann Tolin, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian De
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index
intersubregional
intrasubregional
regional integration
Scope:
South Asia
Period:
10 Year (2006/2021)
Source:
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed November 2023).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Lovely Ann Tolin, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian De
Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program Integration, 2006-2021
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index
intersubregional
intrasubregional
regional integration
Scope:
Central Asia
Period:
Annual (2006/2012)
Source:
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed November 2023).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Lovely Ann Tolin, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian De
Selected Projects in Greater Mekong Subregion, Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle, and Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area
Brunei Darussalam–Indonesia–Malaysia–Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area
Greater Mekong Subregion
Indonesia–Malaysia–Thailand Growth Triangle
connectivity
regional public goods
trade
Source:
ADB compilation based on the ADB, BIMP-EAGA, and GMS websites.
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Paulo Rodelio Halili / Halili, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
ADB compilation based on information from the Australian Infrastructure Financing Facility for the Pacific, International Telecommunication Union, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, South Pacific Tourism Organization, and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Paulo Rodelio Halili / Halili, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
ADB Regional Investment in the Pacific: Loans and Grants, 2010-2023
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Paulo Rodelio Halili / Halili, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Selected Projects in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multisectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, and South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation, 2020-2023
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multisectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
and South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation
connectivity
regional public goods
trade
Scope:
South Asia
Period:
Annual (2020/2023)
Source:
ADB compilation based on media releases from SASEC. https://www.sasec.asia/.
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Paulo Rodelio Halili / Halili, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Investments (cumulative, $ million)
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Paulo Rodelio Halili / Halili, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Investment Projects by Sector ($ million)
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Paulo Rodelio Halili / Halili, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Selected Projects and Initiatives in Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, 2020-2023
ADB compilation based on media releases from ADB, Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation, the Islamic Development Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Paulo Rodelio Halili / Halili, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Merchandise and Services Trade Volume and Real Output Growth—Asia and the Pacific, and the World
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund (IMF). World Economic Outlook October 2023 Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October; IMF. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/dot; and WTO-Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Balanced Trade in Services Dataset (BaTIS)—BPM6. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/trade_datasets_e.htm (all accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-McGregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank; Pia Medrano / Economic Analyst, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Monthly Trade by Value and Volume—Asia and Pacific
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; and CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. World Trade Monitor. https://www.cpb.nl/en/world-trade-monitor-november-2023 (both accessed February 2024).
Author:
Neil Foster-McGregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank; Pia Medrano / Economic Analyst, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Merchandise and Services Trade of Asia and the Pacific, by Partner (%)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/dot; and VVTO-OECD Balanced Trade in Services Dataset (BaTIS)—BPM6. https://vvvvvv.vvto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/trade_datasets_e.htm (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-McGregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank; Pia Medrano / Economic Analyst, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Overall, Backward, and Forward Global Value Chain Participation Rates
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center FTA Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/fta; and World Trade Organization. Regional Trade Agreement Information System. http://rtais.wto.org (both accessed December 2023).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Gerald Gracius Pascua / Economic Analyst, ADB; Carlos Cabaero / Economic Analyst, ADB.
New Regional Trade Agreements in Asia and the Pacific, January 2023-December 2023
ADB calculations using data from Food and Agriculture Organization. Supply Utilization Accounts Database. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/SCL (accessed November 2023).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Gerald Gracius Pascua / Economic Analyst, ADB; Carlos Cabaero / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Shares of Domestic Food Production to Domestic Food Consumption—Asia and the Pacific, 2010-2022 Average
share of domestic production to domestic consumption
trade partner diversification index
trade product diversification index
Scope:
Armenia
Australia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China, People's Republic of
Fiji
Georgia
Hong Kong, China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kazakhstan
Korea, Republic of
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Nepal
New Zealand
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taipei,China
Thailand
Viet Nam
Period:
Annual (2010/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from ADB Multiregional Input-Output Database; United Nations Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org/; and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Supply Utilization Accounts Database. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/SCL (all accessed November 2023).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Carlos Cabaero / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Import Shares (% > Regional Average) of Highly Consumed HS4 Commodities in Selected Asian Economies, 2021
import shares of food commodity to total food imports
Scope:
Azerbaijan
Bhutan
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Micronesia, Federated States of
Nepal
Papua New Guinea
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Vanuatu
Period:
Spot (2021/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org/; and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Supply Utilization Accounts Database. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/SCL (both accessed December 2023).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Carlos Cabaero / Economic Analyst, ADB.
List of Alternative Regional Suppliers for Selected Products, 2021
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org/; and FAO Supply Utilization Accounts Database. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/SCL (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Carlos Cabaero / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Trade Partnerships and Trade Policy Restrictions between Top Importers and Top Regional Exporters of Selected Food Products in 2021
number of restrictive trade interventions per country pair
Scope:
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bhutan
China, People's Republic of
Hong Kong, China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Malaysia
Micronesia, Federated States of
Nepal
New Zealand
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Singapore
Solomon Islands
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Viet Nam
Period:
Spot (2021/2021)
Source:
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center FTA Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/fta; and Global Trade Alert Database. https://www.globaltradealert.org (accessed November 2023).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Carlos Cabaero / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Shares of Food Trade Affected by Trade Interventions, by Region
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Alert Database. https://www.globaltradealert.org; and United Nations Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org/ (accessed December 2023).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Carlos Cabaero / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Shares of Trade Affected by Trade Interventions, by Asian Subregion
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Alert Database. https://www.globaltradealert.org; and United Nations Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org/ (accessed December 2023).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Carlos Cabaero / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Global Foreign Direct Investment Inflows and Outflows, Balance of Payments
ADB calculations using data from ASEAN Secretariat. ASEANstats Data Portal. https://data.aseanstats.org (accessed July 2019); CEIC Data Company; Eurostat. Balance of Payments. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat (accessed November 2023); International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook October 2023 database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October (accessed October 2023); and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2023 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2023).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Investment Flows for Asia and the Pacific by Mode of Entry
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=FDIINDEX# (accessed September 2023); UNCTAD (2023); and methodology from Atlantic Council (2022); and International Monetary Fund (2023a).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Average Foreign Investment in Strategic Sectors—Total Firm-Level Activity, Greenfield Investments and M&As ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from Bureau van Dijk. Zephyr M&A Database; and Financial Times. fDi Markets (both accessed April 2023); and methodology from Atlantic Council (2022); and International Monetary Fund (2023a).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Total Firm Investment in Strategic Sectors—by Asian Subregion ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from Bureau van Dijk. Zephyr M&A Database; and Financial Times. fDi Markets (both accessed April 2023); and methodology from Atlantic Council (2022); and International Monetary Fund (2023a).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Investment Trends in Environmental Goods and Services, by Destination Region ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from Bureau van Dijk. Zephyr M&A Database; Financial Times. fDi Markets (both accessed April 2023); and classification based on Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. AMNE Database—Activity of Multinational Enterprises. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/amne.htm (accessed September 2023).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank
Efficiency-Seeking Investment in Selected Asian Economies—Total Firm-Level Investment ($ million)
ADB calculations using data from Bureau van Dijk. Zephyr M&A Database; Financial Times. fDi Markets (both accessed April 2023); and classification based on Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. AMNE Database—Activity of Multinational Enterprises. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/amne.htm (accessed September 2023).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank
Illustration of Intereconomy Input-Output Information by Firm Ownership
ADB calculations using data from Bureau van Dijk. Zephyr M&A Database; Financial Times. fDi Markets (both accessed April 2023); and classification based on Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. AMNE Database—Activity of Multinational Enterprises. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/amne.htm (accessed September 2023).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank
Market-Seeking Investment in Selected Asian Economies—Total Firm-Level Investment ($ million)
ADB calculations using data from Bureau van Dijk. Zephyr M&A Database; Financial Times. fDi Markets (both accessed April 2023); and classification based on Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. AMNE Database—Activity of Multinational Enterprises. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/amne.htm (accessed September 2023).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank
Sectoral Concentration of Efficiency-Seeking and Market-Seeking FDI
ADB calculations using data from Bureau van Dijk. Zephyr M&A Database; Financial Times. fDi Markets (both accessed April 2023); and classification based on Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. AMNE Database—Activity of Multinational Enterprises. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/amne.htm (accessed September 2023).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank
Market-Seeking Investment by Asian Subregion—Total Firm-Level Investment ($ million)
ADB calculations using data from Bureau van Dijk. Zephyr M&A Database; Financial Times. fDi Markets (both accessed April 2023); and classification based on Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. AMNE Database—Activity of Multinational Enterprises. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/amne.htm (accessed September 2023).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank
Monetary Policy Rates and Inflation—Selected Advanced Economies (%)
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Nonresident Capital Flows—Selected Asian Economies ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from the International Monetary Fund. Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. Accessed from CEIC Data Company.
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Nonresident Capital Flows by Type—Selected Asian Economies (% of total)
ADB calculations using data from the International Monetary Fund. Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. Accessed from CEIC Data Company.
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Year-to-Date Change—Selected Asian Economies (%, as of 18 December 2023)
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Variance Decomposition of Equity and Bond Returns (%)
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg L.P.; CEIC Data Company; and methodology by Lee and Park (2011) using 1-year rolling window estimations.
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Variance Decomposition of Equity and Bond Returns (%)
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg L.P.; CEIC Data Company; and methodology by Lee and Park (2011) using 1-year rolling window estimations.
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://stats.bis.org/statx/toc/LBS.html (accessed April 2023); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2023); and IMF. Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022).
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Cross-Border Liabilities—Asia and the Pacific, by Type
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://stats.bis.org/statx/toc/LBS.html (accessed April 2023); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2023); and IMF. Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022).
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Cross-Border Investment—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (% to total)
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://stats.bis.org/statx/toc/LBS.html (accessed April 2023); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2023); and IMF. Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022).
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Inward Portfolio Debt Investment from Top 10 Sources (% of destination economy GDP)
International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2023).
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Inward Portfolio Equity Investment from Top 10 Sources (% of destination economy GDP)
International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2023).
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Aggregate Capital Inflows Timeline—Asia and the Pacific
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company.
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Policy Rate Differential with the US Policy Rate—Selected Asian Economies (percentage points, as of July 2023)
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Number of Economies Introducing National Security-Related Investment Screening
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Global Uncertainty Measure—Asia and the Pacific (index)
ADB calculations using data from Ahir, Bloom, and Furceri (2022).
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
US Dollar 1-Year Euro Credit Default Swap—United States (basis points)
Investing.com. https://www.investing.com/rates-bonds/united-states-cds-1-year-eur-historical-data (accessed 22 September 2023).
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Regression Coefficients of Capital Inflow Determinants
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements (BIS). Global Liquidity Indicators. https://data.bis.org/topics/GLI; BIS. Effective Exchange Rate Indices. https://www.bis.org/statistics/eer.htm (both accessed August 2023); Bloomberg L.P.; and Haver Analytics.
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Regression Coefficients—International Debt Share and US Dollar Funding Costs
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements (BIS). Global Liquidity Indicators. https://data.bis.org/topics/GLI; BIS. Effective Exchange Rate Indices. https://www.bis.org/statistics/eer.htm (both accessed August 2023); Bloomberg L.P.; and Haver Analytics.
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Currency Composition by International Currency Use (%)
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://stats.bis.org/statx/toc/LBS.html (accessed August 2023); Bloomberg L.P.; Boz et al. 2020; International Monetary Fund (2023); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIP (accessed September 2023). IMF. Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis; IMF. Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves. https://data.imf.org/COFER; IMF. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/dot; IMF. International Foreign Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity. https://data.imf.org/IRFCL; World Bank. World Bank Open Data. https://data. worldbank.org (all accessed September 2023); and national data sources; and methodology by Lane and Shambaugh (2007).
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Currency Composition by International Currency Use and by World Region (%)
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements (BIS). BIS Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and Over-the-counter (OTC) Derivatives Markets. https://www.bis.org/statistics/rpfx22.htm (accessed July 2023); BIS. Locational Banking Statistics. https://stats.bis.org/statx/toc/LBS.html (accessed August 2022); Boz et al. 2020; IMF. Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIP (accessed September 2023). IMF. Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis; and IMF. Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves. https://data.imf.org/COFER (both accessed September 2023). IMF. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data. imf.org/dot (accessed September 2023); and domestic sources.
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Regression Coefficients—International Debt Share and Federal Funds Rate
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements (BIS). Global Liquidity Indicators. https://data.bis.org/topics/GLI/data; BIS. Effective Exchange Rate Indices. https://www.bis.org/statistics/eer.htm (both accessed August 2023); Bloomberg L.P.; and Haver Analytics.
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Ana Kristel Lapid / Lapid, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Outflow of Migrant Workers from Selected Asian Economies (2019 = 100)
outflow of migrant workers from Asia and the Pacific relative to 2019
Scope:
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Period:
Annual (2020/2023)
Source:
Government of Bangladesh, Bureau of Manpower, Employment, and Training. http://www.old.bmet.gov.bd/BMET/stattisticalDataAction (accessed January 2024); Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs. Performance Smartboard. https://meadashboard.gov.in/ (accessed January 2024); Government of Malaysia, Migrant Worker Protection Agency (Badan Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia). https://bp2mi.go.id/ (accessed January 2024); Government of Nepal, Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security (2022); Government of Nepal, Department of Foreign Employment. https://dofe.gov.np/DetailPage.aspx/ id/425/lan/ne-NP (accessed November 2022); Government of Pakistan, Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment. https://beoe.gov.pk/reports-and-statistics (accessed January 2024); Government of the Philippines, Philippine Statistical Authority (2020, 2021, 2022, 2023); and Government of Sri Lanka, Central Bank of Sri Lanka. https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/en/statistics/statistical-tables/external-sector (accessed January 2024).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Job Vacancies in the United States and Canada, by Sector
Government of the United States, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey. https://www.bls.gov/jlt/ (accessed October 2023); Statistics Canada. Table 14-10-0356-01 Job Vacancies and Average Offered Hourly Wage by Occupation (Broad Occupational Category), Quarterly, Unadjusted for Seasonality. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1410035601.
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Contributor:
Zemma Ardaniel / Economic Analyst, ADB
Job Vacancies in the United States and Canada, by Sector
Government of the United States, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey. https://www.bls.gov/jlt/ (accessed October 2023); Statistics Canada. Table 14-10-0356-01 Job Vacancies and Average Offered Hourly Wage by Occupation (Broad Occupational Category), Quarterly, Unadjusted for Seasonality. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1410035601.
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from Government of Australia, Department of Home Affairs. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/ (accessed October 2023); Government of Canada. Temporary Residents: Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) and International Mobility Program (IMP) Work Permit Holders – Monthly IRCC Updates. https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/360024f2- 17e9-4558-bfc1-3616485d65b9 (accessed November 2023); Government of the United States, Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs. https://travel. state.gov/content/travel/en/legal/visa-law0/visa-bulletin/2024/visa-bulletin-for-october-2023.html (accessed November 2023); and Government of the United Kingdom, Home Office. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/home-office (accessed October 2023).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Employment Distribution of Migrants in Host Economies (% of total)
employment distribution of migrants by education level
employment distribution of migrants by level of skills
Scope:
Australia
Canada
Denmark
Falkland Islands
Finland
France
Germany
Korea, Republic of
Norway
Russia
Samoa
Saudi Arabia
Türkiye
Thailand
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Period:
Annual (2018/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from International Labour Organization Statistical Database (ILOStat). https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/ and https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/classification-occupation/ (accessed December 2023).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Labor Mobility Scheme Workers in Australia and New Zealand (’000)
ADB calculations using data from World Bank-KNOMAD (Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development). http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed December 2023).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from World Bank-KNOMAD (Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development). http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed December 2023).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Top 10 Remittance Recipient Economies in Asia and the Pacific (a) Inflows ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from KNOMAD (Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development. http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed December 2023).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Top 10 Remittance Recipient Economies in Asia and the Pacific (b) Inflows (2023, % of GDP)
ADB calculations using data from KNOMAD (Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development. http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed December 2023).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Intraregional Remittance Share—Asia and the Pacific
ADB calculations using data from World Bank-KNOMAD (Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development. http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed December 2023).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Intraregional Profile of Remittance Sources of Asian Economies
ADB calculations using data from World Bank-KNOMAD (Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development. http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed December 2023).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Average Total Cost of Remitting $200, as of Q1 2023 (a) Quarterly trend
Global System for Mobile Communications Association (2023a); International Organization for Migration (2021); Statista Research Department. https://www.statista.com/ (accessed October 2023); Visa Economic Empowerment Institute (2022); and World Bank (2021).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Zemma Ardaniel / Economic Analyst, ADB.
per capita GDP and digital remittances; digital remittances and internet penetration; digital remittances and mobile connectivity index; digital remittances and financial development index;
Period:
Spot (2021/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Statista Market Insights. https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/fintech/digital-payments/digital-remittances/worldwide?currency=usd (accessed November 2023); World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/ (accessed October 2023); Global System for Mobile Communications Association (2023a); and International Monetary Fund. Financial Development Index Database. https://data.imf.org/?sk=f8032e80-b36c-43b1- ac26-493c5b1cd33b (accessed October 2023).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Zemma Ardaniel / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Trends of Pick-Up Methods for Remittances Sent Through Digital-Only Money Transfer Operators, Global Share (%)
international tourist arrivals as share of 2019; recovery rates of tourist arrivals to Asia and the Pacific (against 2019)
Scope:
Africa
Asia and the Pacific
Europe
Latin America and Caribbean
Middle East
North America
Period:
Annual (2022/2023)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Data Dashboard. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/un-tourism-tourism-dashboard (accessed January 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Ma. Veronica Domingo / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Contributor:
Pilar Dayag / Statistician, ADB
International Tourism Receipts by Region (% of 2019)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Data Dashboard. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/un-tourism-tourism-dashboard (accessed January 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Ma. Veronica Domingo / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Contributor:
Pilar Dayag / Statistician, ADB
Average Share of the People’s Republic of China in Asian Economy’s Total Tourist Arrivals, 2015–2019 (%)
average share of PRC in tourist arrivals in Asian economies
Scope:
Abkhazia
Australia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Hong Kong, China
Iceland
Japan
Korea, Republic of
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Maldives
Mongolia
Nepal
Other Asia
Palau
SAARC
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Viet Nam
Period:
Annual (2015/2019)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.unwto.org (accessed January 2024)
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Tourist Arrivals from the People’s Republic of China to Selected Asian Economies (% of total tourist arrivals)
Estimated decline in the tourism expenditure of the People’s Republic of China in Asian subregions
Scope:
Central Asia
East Asia
Oceania
Pacific-excl. AUS and NZ
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Period:
Spot (2020/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; International Monetary Fund. World Development Outlook Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October; and United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.unwto.org (all accessed November 2023).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Contributor:
Pilar Dayag / Statistician, ADB
International Tourist Arrivals by Asian Subregion (% of 2019)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Data Dashboard. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/un-tourism-tourism-dashboard (accessed January 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Ma. Veronica Domingo / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Contributor:
Pilar Dayag / Statistician, ADB
International Tourism Receipts by Asian Subregion (% of 2019)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Data Dashboard. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/un-tourism-tourism-dashboard (accessed January 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Ma. Veronica Domingo / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Contributor:
Pilar Dayag / Statistician, ADB
Source Markets for Tourism in Asia and the Pacific
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.unwto.org (accessed January 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB;
Government of Singapore, Ministry of Trade and Industry. https://www.mti.gov.sg/Trade/Digital-Economy-Agreements (accessed November 2023); and ASEAN Secretariat (2023).
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Global Annual Emissions of Carbon Dioxide (million metric tons)
ADB using Arslanalp et al. (2023); Bekkers, Francois, and Rojas-Romagosa (2018); Cristea et al. (2013); Du, Kim, and Zheng (2017); Ganapati and Wong (2023); IMO (2015); IPCC (2022a); Koetse and Rietveld (2009); Klotz and Sharma (2023); Melia, Haines, and Hawkins (2016); Mudryk et al. (2021) ; Ng et al. (2018); Pizzolato et al. (2016); Ritchie (2020); and Wang, Wang, and Chen (2022).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Methodology for Measuring Emissions in Global Value Chains
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Inter-Country Input-Output Tables. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/inter-country-input-output-tables.htm; OECD. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2) data set. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/carbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Carbon Dioxide Emissions Production for Global Value Chain Trade by Region (million metric tons)
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Inter-Country Input-Output Tables. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/inter-country-input-output-tables.htm; OECD. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/carbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
The Contribution of Multinational Enterprises to Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Global Value Chains
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Analytical Activities of Multinational Enterprise. https://www.oecd.org/fr/sti/ind/analytical-amne-database.htm; OECD. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2) data set. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/carbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Production Emissions per Capita by Source and Region (metric tons per capita)
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Inter-Country Input-Output Tables. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/inter-country-input-output-tables.htm; OECD. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2) data set. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/carbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (all accessed November
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Regional Carbon Dioxide Emissions Production and Regional Carbon Dioxide Emissions Destinations in Global Value Chains, 2018
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Inter-Country Input-Output Tables. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/inter-country-input-output-tables.htm; OECD. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO 2) data set. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/arbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Production and Use of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Global Value Chains by Sector, 2018
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Inter-Country Input-Output Tables. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/inter-country-input-output-tables.htm; OECD. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2) data set. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/arbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Growth Rate and Decomposition of the Growth of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Production, 1995-2018 (%)
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Inter-Country Input-Output Tables. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/inter-country-input-output-tables.htm; OECD. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2) data set. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/carbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Scatterplot of Global Value Chain Shares in Value-Added and in Carbon Dioxide Emissions Production, 2018
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Inter-Country Input-Output Tables. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/inter-country-input-output-tables.htm; OECD. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2) data set. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/arbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Association between Global Value Chain Production and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Production, 2018
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Inter-Country Input-Output Tables. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/inter-country-input-output-tables.htm; OECD. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2) data set. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/carbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Association between Global Value Chain Positioning and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Global Value Chains, 2018
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Inter-Country Input-Output Tables. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/inter-country-input-output-tables.htm; OECD. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2) data set. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/carbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Ratio of Carbon Dioxide Production to Total Value-Added, and Carbon Dioxide Production in Global Value Chains to Value-Added due to Global Value Chains, 2018
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Inter-Country Input-Output Tables. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/inter-country-input-output-tables.htm; OECD. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2) data set. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/carbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Log Ratio of Carbon Dioxide Emissions to Value-Added by Sector
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Inter-Country Input-Output Tables. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/inter-country-input-output-tables.htm; OECD. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2) data set. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/carbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Association Between the Share of Value-Added Due to Global Value Chain Production and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensities, 1995–2018
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Inter-Country Input-Output Tables. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/inter-country-input-output-tables.htm; OECD. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2) data set. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/carbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm; and World Bank.World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Rate of Change of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensities within Global Value Chains and the Contributions of Structural Change and Intra-Sectoral Emissions Intensities (%)
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Inter-Country Input-Output Tables. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/inter-country-input-output-tables.htm; OECD. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set. https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/carbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Analysis Project. GTAP 11 Data Base. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/; and International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Value-Added Tax Equivalent of a Carbon Price of €100 per metric ton of Carbon Dioxide(%)
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Analysis Project. GTAP 11 Data Base. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/; and International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Share of Total Exports of a Region Covered by the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, 2017 (%)
Centre d’Études Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales (CEPII or the French Research Center in the International Economics). BACI Database. http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/fr/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37; and Zignago and Gaulier (2010) (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Trade and Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Rates across Exporters
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Analysis Project. GTAP 11 Data Base. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/; and International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Modeling Scenarios to Consider the Impact of the European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on Asian Economies
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Analysis Project. GTAP 11 Data Base. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/; and International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Percentage Change in Export Values to the European Union under Different European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Policy Scenarios (%)
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Analysis Project. GTAP 11 Data Base. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/; and International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Percentage Change in Export Quantities of ETS and non-ETS Exports to the European Union under Different European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Policy Scenarios (%)
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Analysis Project. GTAP 11 Data Base. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/; and International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Percentage Change in Exports to Non-European Union Regions under Different European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Policy Scenarios (%)
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Analysis Project. GTAP 11 Data Base. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/; and International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics (both accessed November 2023).
Percentage Change in Gross Domestic Product under Different European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Modeling Scenarios (%)
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Analysis Project. GTAP 11 Data Base. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/; and International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Extent of Labor Displacement under Different European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Policy Scenarios (% of workforce displaced)
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Analysis Project. GTAP 11 Data Base. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/; and International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Percentage Change in European Union Production by Sector (%)
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Analysis Project. GTAP 11 Data Base. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/; and International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Scenarios to Consider the Impact of an Extended Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on Asian Economies
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Analysis Project. GTAP 11 Data Base. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/; and International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Percentage Change in Asian Exports with an Expanded Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Analysis Project. GTAP 11 Data Base. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/; and International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Percentage Change in Gross Domestic Product under Different European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Modeling Scenarios
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Analysis Project. GTAP 11 Data Base. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/; and International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Extent of Labor Displacement under Different European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Modeling Scenarios (% of workforce displaced)
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Analysis Project. GTAP 11 Data Base. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/; and International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Principles of Public Embedded Emissions Accounting Frameworks
ADB calculations using data from Eora Global Supply Chain Database. https://worldmrio.com/eora26/ (accessed November 2023); Hofmann, Osnago, and Ruta (2017); and Morin, Dür, and Lechne (2018).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Levelized Cost of Energy of Alternative Renewable Energy Sources ($/kWh)
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Analysis Project. GTAP 11 Data Base. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/; and International Energy Agency. Data and Statistics. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics (both accessed November 2023).
Author:
Neil Foster-Mcgregor / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation Integration Index
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Period:
Annual (2006/2021)
Source:
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2019); and methodology from C. Y. Park and R. Claveria. 2018. Constructing the Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: A Panel Approach. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 544. Manila: ADB; H. Huh and C. Y. Park. 2018. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. Journal of Asian Economics. 54. pp. 22–38; and H. Huh and C.Y. Park. 2017. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 511. Manila: ADB.
Regional Integration Indicators—Asia and the Pacific (% of total)
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2019); and methodology from C. Y. Park and R. Claveria. 2018. Constructing the Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: A Panel Approach. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 544. Manila: ADB; H. Huh and C. Y. Park. 2018. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. Journal of Asian Economics. 54. pp. 22–38; and H. Huh and C.Y. Park. 2017. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 511. Manila: ADB.
Trade Shares—Asia and the Pacific, 2022 (% of total trade)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2023).
Cross-Border Portfolio Debt Holdings—Asia and the Pacific, 2022 (% of total cross-border portfolio debt holdings)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2023).
Foreign Direct Investment Inflow Share—Asia and the Pacific, 2022 (% of total FDI inflows)
ADB calculations using data from Association of Southeast Asian Nations Secretariat; CEIC Data Company; Eurostat. Balance of Payments; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Bilateral FDI Statistics. http://unctad.org/en/Pages/Home.aspx (accessed November 2023).
Remittance Inflows Share—Asia and the Pacific, 2021 (% of total remittance inflows)
ADB calculations using data from World Bank. Global Knowledge Partnership for Migration and Development. Bilateral Remittance staff estimates (December 2022). https://knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed August 2023).
Outbound Migration Share—Asia and the Pacific, 2020 (% of total outbound migrants)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2020. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/index.shtml (accessed May 2023).
Inbound Tourism Share—Asia and the Pacific, 2022 (% of total inbound visitors)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.unwto.org/ (accessed January 2024).
Outbound Tourism Share—Asia and the Pacific, 2022 (% of total outbound visitors)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.unwto.org/ (accessed January 2024).
