Notes:
Asia and the Pacific consists of the 49 regional members of ADB. https://www.adb.org/about/members
Central Asia consists of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
East Asia consists of Hong Kong, China; Japan; Mongolia; the People’s Republic of China (PRC); the Republic of Korea; and Taipei,China.
Southeast Asia consists of Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, and Viet Nam.
South Asia consists of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
The Pacific consists of the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.
Oceania consists of Australia and New Zealand.
Asia and the Pacific: Subregional Groupings
Developing Asia consists of Asia and the Pacific excluding Australia, Japan, and New Zealand.
ASEAN+3 consists of the 10 ASEAN member economies, Japan, the PRC (including Hong Kong, China), and the Republic of Korea.
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) consists of Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam.
ASEAN-4 consists of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand.
BCLMV consists of Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, the Lao PDR,
Myanmar, and Viet Nam.
Plus Three (+3) consists of Japan, the PRC (including Hong Kong, China), and the Republic of Korea.
NIE (Newly Industrialized Economies) consists of Hong Kong, China; the Republic of Korea; Singapore; and Taipei,China.
NIE-3 (Newly Industrialized Economies-3) consists of Hong Kong, China; the Republic of Korea; and Singapore.
Subregional Programs
APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) consists of Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Chile; Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Japan; Malaysia; Mexico; New Zealand; Papua New Guinea; the PRC; Peru; the Philippines; the Republic of Korea; Russian Federation; Singapore; Taipei,China; Thailand; the United States; and Viet Nam.
BIMP (Brunei Darussalam–Indonesia–Malaysia–Philippines)
BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) consists of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
CAREC (Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation) Program consists of Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Pakistan, the PRC, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Please note that Georgia only became a member in 2016.
GMS (Greater Mekong Subregion) consists of Cambodia, the Lao PDR, Myanmar, the PRC (specifically Yunnan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), Thailand, and Viet Nam. National data were used for the PRC as subnational (provincial) bilateral data are not available.
IMT (Indonesia–Malaysia–Thailand)
SASEC (South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation) consists of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) consists of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
Africa consists of Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Réunion, Rwanda, St. Helena, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Europe consists of Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
European Union consists of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden.
Eurozone consists of Austria, Belgium, Croatia (Croatia joined the eurozone on 1 January 2023), Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and Spain.
EU+UK consists of the European Union and the United Kingdom.
Latin America and Caribbean consists of Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean Netherlands, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curaçao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Sint Maarten, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States Virgin Islands, and Uruguay.
Middle East consists of Bahrain, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic, Türkiye, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
North America consists of Canada and the United States.