A compilation of all figures and tables from the Asian Economic Integration Reports. Download data in CSV or follow links to view specific figure or table from the report.
Relationship Between the ARCII Trade and Investment Dimension and Job Creation and Income Inequality, 2022 (%) (a) Trade and investment dimension and job creation
ratio of strong intraregional connections to total strong connections
scaled approximately 0.0–0.8)
Period:
Annual (2022/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii; UNU Wider. World Income Inequality Database. https://www.wider.unu.edu/project/wiid-world-income-inequality-database; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (all accessed October 2025).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das / Basu Das, Asian Development Bank Rahul Sen / Sen, Rainiel Aquino / Aquino, Asian Development Bank
Relationship Between the ARCII Trade and Investment Dimension and Job Creation and Income Inequality, 2022 (%) (b) Trade and investment dimension and income inequality
ratio of strong intraregional connections to total strong connections
scaled approximately 0.0–0.8)
Period:
Annual (2022/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii; UNU Wider. World Income Inequality Database. https://www.wider.unu.edu/project/wiid-world-income-inequality-database; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (all accessed October 2025).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das / Basu Das, Asian Development Bank Rahul Sen / Sen, Rainiel Aquino / Aquino, Asian Development Bank
Relationship Between the ARCII Infrastructure Dimensions and Job Creation and Income Inequality, 2022 (%) (a) Infrastructure dimension and job creation
ratio of strong intraregional connections to total strong connections)
Period:
Annual (2022/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii; UNU Wider. World Income Inequality Database. https://www.wider.unu.edu/project/wiid-world-income-inequality-database; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (all accessed October 2025).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das / Basu Das, Asian Development Bank Rahul Sen / Sen, Rainiel Aquino / Aquino, Asian Development Bank
Relationship Between the ARCII Infrastructure Dimensions and Job Creation and Income Inequality, 2022 (%) (b) Infrastructure dimension and income inequality
ratio of strong intraregional connections to total strong connections)
Period:
Annual (2022/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii; UNU Wider. World Income Inequality Database. https://www.wider.unu.edu/project/wiid-world-income-inequality-database; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (all accessed October 2025).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das / Basu Das, Asian Development Bank Rahul Sen / Sen, Rainiel Aquino / Aquino, Asian Development Bank
Relationship Between the ARCII People and Social Dimension and Job Creation and Income Inequality, 2022 (%) (a) People and social dimension and job creation
ratio of strong intraregional connections to total strong connections)
Period:
Annual (2022/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii; UNU Wider. World Income Inequality Database. https://www.wider.unu.edu/project/wiid-world-income-inequality-database; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (all accessed October 2025).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das / Basu Das, Asian Development Bank Rahul Sen / Sen, Rainiel Aquino / Aquino, Asian Development Bank
Relationship Between the ARCII People and Social Dimension and Job Creation and Income Inequality, 2022 (%) (b) People and social dimension and income inequality
ratio of strong intraregional connections to total strong connections)
Period:
Annual (2022/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii; UNU Wider. World Income Inequality Database. https://www.wider.unu.edu/project/wiid-world-income-inequality-database; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (all accessed October 2025).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das / Basu Das, Asian Development Bank Rahul Sen / Sen, Rainiel Aquino / Aquino, Asian Development Bank
Relationship Between the ARCII Institutions Dimension and Job Creation and Income Inequality, 2022 (%) (a) Institutions dimension and job creation
ratio of strong intraregional connections to total strong connections)
Period:
Annual (2022/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii; UNU Wider. World Income Inequality Database. https://www.wider.unu.edu/project/wiid-world-income-inequality-database; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (all accessed October 2025).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das / Basu Das, Asian Development Bank Rahul Sen / Sen, Rainiel Aquino / Aquino, Asian Development Bank
Relationship Between the ARCII Institutions Dimension and Job Creation and Income Inequality, 2022 (%) (b) Institutions dimension and income inequality
ratio of strong intraregional connections to total strong connections)
Period:
Annual (2022/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii; UNU Wider. World Income Inequality Database. https://www.wider.unu.edu/project/wiid-world-income-inequality-database; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (all accessed October 2025).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das / Basu Das, Asian Development Bank Rahul Sen / Sen, Rainiel Aquino / Aquino, Asian Development Bank
Summary Results Showing Impact of RCI Dimensions on Job Creation and Income Inequality
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii; UNU Wider. World Income Inequality Database. https://www.wider.unu.edu/project/wiid-world-income-inequality-database; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (all accessed October 2025).
Dimensional Shares to Overall Regional Integration Index (%, by world regions)
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank Anjelica Natividad / Natividad, Asian Development Bank
Intrasubregional Integration by Dimension, 2006 and 2023
Integration index by dimension (Trade & Investment
Money & Finance
People & Social
Regional Value Chains
Technology & Digital
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Period:
Annual (2006/2023)
Source:
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank Anjelica Natividad / Natividad, Asian Development Bank
Intraregional and Extraregional Integration Indexes by Subregional Initiative
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank Anjelica Natividad / Natividad, Asian Development Bank
Intraregional Integration Using Customized ARCII for the Pacific Developing Economies (%) (a) By Asian subregion
ADB Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank Anjelica Natividad / Natividad, Asian Development Bank
Intraregional Integration Using Customized ARCII for the Pacific Developing Economies (%) (b) By Pacific developing economy
ADB Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank Anjelica Natividad / Natividad, Asian Development Bank
Integration Among Pacific Developing Economies Using Customized ARCII (%) (a) By subregion
Asian Development Bank. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank Anjelica Natividad / Natividad, Asian Development Bank
Integration Among Pacific Developing Economies Using Customized ARCII (%) (b) By Pacific developing economy
Asian Development Bank. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank Anjelica Natividad / Natividad, Asian Development Bank
Pacific Developing Economies’ Integration with External Partners Using Customized ARCII (%) (a) Overall integration
Asian Development Bank. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank Anjelica Natividad / Natividad, Asian Development Bank
Pacific Developing Economies’ Integration with External Partners Using Customized ARCII (%) (b) By Pacific developing economy
Asian Development Bank. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank Anjelica Natividad / Natividad, Asian Development Bank
Sources: ADB calculations using data from Ahir, Bloom, and Furceri (2022); CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. World Trade Monitor. https://www.cpb.nl/en; and International Monetary Fund (all accessed January 2026).
Author:
Neil Foster-McGregor, Joshua Anthony Gapay
United States Tariffs on Selected Asian Economies as of February 2026, Ad Valorem Rates 1: US Tariffs on Selected Asian Economies in 2025, Ad Valorem Rates (%) (%)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/dot; and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). OECD–World Trade Organization Balanced Trade in Services—BPM6. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/trade_datasets_e.htm (both accessed January 2026).
Author:
Joshua Anthony Gapay
Overall, Backward, and Forward Global Value Chain Participation Rates (%) (a) Backward GVC participation rate
Coefficient of variation of exports (2000–2023) (y-axis)
Scope:
World
Period:
Spot (2000/2023)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Centre d’Etudes Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales (CEPII). BACI World Trade Database. https://cepii.fr/en/bdd_modele/bdd/baci.asp (accessed August 2025).
Author:
Neil Foster-McGregor
Relationship Between Initial Concentration of Exports by Partner and Subsequent Export Volatility
Coefficient of variation of exports (2000–2023) (y-axis)
Scope:
World
Period:
Spot (2000/2023)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Centre d’Etudes Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales (CEPII). BACI World Trade Database. https://cepii.fr/en/bdd_modele/bdd/baci.asp (accessed August 2025).
Author:
Neil Foster-McGregor
Newly Effective Free Trade Agreements—Asia and the Pacific
ADB calculations using data from UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2025 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Global Foreign Direct Investment Inflows—Balance of Payments (%) (b) Asian inflows, by destination subregion ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2025 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Destinations of Foreign Investment in Asia and the Pacific—Balance of Payments (%) (a) Inflows ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2025 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Destinations of Foreign Investment in Asia and the Pacific—Balance of Payments (%) (b) Changes in share in regional inflows (%)
ADB calculations using data from UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2025 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Firm-Level Investment in Asia and the Pacific (%) (a) By mode of entry ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (accessed June 2025); and methodology from Atlantic Council (2022) and International Monetary Fund (2023).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Change in Investment in Strategic Sectors by Destination—Firm-Level Investment 2023–2024 ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (accessed June 2025); and methodology from Atlantic Council (2022) and International Monetary Fund (2023).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Global Foreign Direct Investment Outflows—Balance of Payments
ADB calculations using data from UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2025 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Sources of Investment from Asia and the Pacific—Balance of Payments
ADB calculations using data from UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2025 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Intraregional Investment Flows in Asia and the Pacific—Balance of Payments
ADB calculations using data from the ASEAN Secretariat. ASEANstats Data Portal. https://data.aseanstats.org (accessed July 2025); CEIC Data Company; Eurostat. Balance of Payments. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat (accessed July 2025); International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April (accessed April 2025); and UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2025 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Intraregional Investment Flows in Asia and the Pacific—Firm-Level Investment ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (accessed June 2025); and methodology based on UNCTAD (2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Global Investment Inflows in the Digital Economy—Firm-Level
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (accessed June 2025); and methodology based on UNCTAD (2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Greenfield Investment in Artificial Intelligence and Data Centers
Inflows by subregion/economy and segment ($ billion)
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Central and West Asia
East Asia
South Asia
Southeast Asia
The Pacific
Period:
Spot (2014/2024)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (accessed June 2025); and methodology based on UNCTAD (2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Foreign Direct Investment Regulatory Restrictiveness Index—By Economic Segment, Policy Category, and Region
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). OECD Data Explorer. https://data-explorer.oecd.org/ (accessed October 2025); and methodology based on UNCTAD (2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Sector Decomposition of Greenfield Investment Projects, 2017–2023—Republic of Korea (%)
Authors’ calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets (accessed June 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Katariina Nilsson Hakkala / Nilsson Hakkala, Asian Development Bank Sang Hyun Park / , Jennifer Poole / , Amelia Santos-Paulino / ,
Firm Distribution Across Services and Manufacturing Subsectors, 2023—Republic of Korea (%) (a) Services
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Katariina Nilsson Hakkala / Nilsson Hakkala, Asian Development Bank Sang Hyun Park / , Jennifer Poole / , Amelia Santos-Paulino / ,
Firm Distribution Across Services and Manufacturing Subsectors, 2023—Republic of Korea (%) (b) Manufacturing
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Katariina Nilsson Hakkala / Nilsson Hakkala, Asian Development Bank Sang Hyun Park / , Jennifer Poole / , Amelia Santos-Paulino / ,
Firm Type and the Likelihood of Technology Adoption
Authors’ calculations based on Government of the United States, United States International Trade Commission. Multinational Revenue, Employment, and Investment Database. https://www.usitc.gov/data/gravity/mreid.htm (accessed November 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank
Employment in Greenfield Projects—Digital Versus Non-Digital (thousand)
Authors’ calculations based on Government of the United States, United States International Trade Commission. Multinational Revenue, Employment, and Investment Database. https://www.usitc.gov/data/gravity/mreid.htm (accessed November 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank
Employment in Mergers and Acquisitions—Digital Versus Non-Digital (thousand)
Authors’ calculations based on Government of the United States, United States International Trade Commission. Multinational Revenue, Employment, and Investment Database. https://www.usitc.gov/data/gravity/mreid.htm (accessed November 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank
Correlation Between Revenue and Employment-to-Asset Ratio, Digital Versus Non-Digital
Authors’ calculations based on Government of the United States, United States International Trade Commission. Multinational Revenue, Employment, and Investment Database. https://www.usitc.gov/data/gravity/mreid.htm (accessed November 2025).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank
ADB calculations using data from the International Monetary Fund. Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. Accessed from CEIC Data Company (accessed January 2026).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Joyce Aquino / Aquino, Asian Development Bank
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg; CEIC Data Company (both accessed January 2026); and methodology by Lee and Park (2011) using 1-year rolling window estimations.
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Clemence Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg; CEIC Data Company (both accessed January 2026); and methodology by Lee and Park (2011) using 1-year rolling window estimations.
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Clemence Cruz / Cruz, Asian Development Bank
Year-to-Date Change—Selected Asian Economies (as of 31 December 2025) (%) (a) Stock price index and bond return index
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Portfolio Investment Position. https://data/imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:PIP (accessed November 2025)
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Joyce Aquino / Aquino, Asian Development Bank
Cross-Border Assets—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (%) (b) Portfolio equity
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Portfolio Investment Position. https://data/imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:PIP (accessed November 2025)
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Joyce Aquino / Aquino, Asian Development Bank
Cross-Border Liabilities—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (%) (a) Portfolio debt
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Portfolio Investment Position. https://data/imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:PIP (accessed November 2025).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Joyce Aquino / Aquino, Asian Development Bank
Cross-Border Liabilities—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (%) (b) Portfolio equity
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Portfolio Investment Position. https://data/imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:PIP (accessed November 2025).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Joyce Aquino / Aquino, Asian Development Bank
Intraregional Cross-Border Investment—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (% of total) (a) Assets
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm; CEIC Data Company; International Monetary Fund (IMF). Direct Investment Positions. https://data/imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:DIP; IMF. Portfolio Investment Position. https://data/imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:PIP; United Nations Trade and Development. UNCTADstat Data Centre. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/dataviewer/ US.GDPTotal; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (all accessed January 2026).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Joyce Aquino / Aquino, Asian Development Bank
Intraregional Cross-Border Investment—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (% of total) (b) Liabilities
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm; CEIC Data Company; International Monetary Fund (IMF). Direct Investment Positions. https://data/imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:DIP; IMF. Portfolio Investment Position. https://data/imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:PIP; United Nations Trade and Development. UNCTADstat Data Centre. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/dataviewer/ US.GDPTotal; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (all accessed January 2026).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank Alexander Raabe / Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Joyce Aquino / Aquino, Asian Development Bank
Muted Market Reaction to Geopolitical Risks and Policy Uncertainty
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2024. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock (accessed May 2025).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, ADB
Top Extraregional Destination of Asian Migrants in 2024
ADB calculations using data from the Government of the United States, Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs. https://travel.state.gov/ (accessed January 2026)
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, ADB; Ma. Concepcion G. Latoja / Consultant, ADB
ADB calculations using data from the US Department of State—Bureau of Consular Affairs and US Citizenship and Immigration Services. https://www.uscis.gov/ (accessed December 2025).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, ADB; Ma. Concepcion G. Latoja / Consultant, ADB
Outflow of Migrant Workers from Asian Economies (‘000) (a) Bangladesh
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2024. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock (accessed May 2025).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, ADB; Ma. Concepcion G. Latoja / Consultant, ADB
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2024. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock (accessed May 2025).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, ADB; Ma. Concepcion G. Latoja / Consultant, ADB
Share of High-Skilled Migrants Versus Gross National Income per Capita, by Major Destination of Asian Migrants
ADB calculations using data from International Labour Organization Statistical Database (ILOStat). https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/ and https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/classification-occupation/ (accessed May 2025)
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, ADB; Ma. Concepcion G. Latoja / Consultant, ADB
Employment Distribution of Migrants in Destination Economies (%) (b) By level of skill
ADB calculations using data from International Labour Organization Statistical Database (ILOStat). https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/ and https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/classification-occupation/ (accessed May 2025)
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, ADB; Ma. Concepcion G. Latoja / Consultant, ADB
Migration Policy Measures by Level of Migrant Skills
Sources: ADB calculations using data from Ratha, Plaza, and Kim (2024); UN Tourism Dashboard. https://www.untourism.int/tourism-data/un-tourism-tourism-dashboard (accessed October 2025); and World Bank. World Development Indicators Database. https://databank.worldbank.org/ (accessed December 2025).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, ADB; Ma. Concepcion G. Latoja / Consultant, ADB
Financial Inflows to Asia and the Pacific ($ billion) (b) Remittances (as % of total financial inflows)
ADB calculations using data from Ratha, Plaza, and Kim (2024); UN Tourism Dashboard. https://www.untourism.int/tourism-data/un-tourism-tourism-dashboard (accessed October 2025); and World Bank. World Development Indicators Database. https://databank.worldbank.org/ (accessed December 2025).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, ADB; Ma. Concepcion G. Latoja / Consultant, ADB
Remittance Inflows by Region and Asian Subregions, 2024
Sources: : ADB calculations using data from Ratha, Plaza, and Kim (2024); Raithatha and Storchi (2025); and Statista. https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/fintech/digital-payments/digital-remittances/worldwide (accessed September 2025).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, ADB; Ma. Concepcion G. Latoja / Consultant, ADB
Contributor:
Zemma Ardaniel / Consultant, ADB
The Average Cost of Sending $200 (a) Quarterly trend
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company (accessed September 2025); Euromonitor Passport (accessed September 2025); UN Tourism. Compendium of Tourism Statistics data set. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database (accessed September 2024); and UN Tourism. World Tourism Barometer, September 2025. https://doi.org/10.18111/wtobarometereng (accessed October 2025).
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company (accessed September 2025); Euromonitor Passport (accessed September 2025); UN Tourism. Compendium of Tourism Statistics data set. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database (accessed September 2024); and UN Tourism. World Tourism Barometer, September 2025. https://doi.org/10.18111/wtobarometereng (accessed October 2025).
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company (accessed September 2025); Euromonitor Passport (accessed September 2025); UN Tourism. Compendium of Tourism Statistics data set. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database (accessed September 2024); and UN Tourism. World Tourism Barometer, September 2025. https://doi.org/10.18111/wtobarometereng (accessed October 2025).
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company (accessed September 2025); Euromonitor Passport (accessed September 2025); UN Tourism. Compendium of Tourism Statistics data set. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database (accessed September 2024); and UN Tourism. World Tourism Barometer, September 2025. https://doi.org/10.18111/wtobarometereng (accessed October 2025).
Annual growth (CAGR) of international tourism arrivals (%) and international tourism receipts (%)
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Australia and New Zealand
Central and West Asia
East Asia
Pacific developing economies
South Asia
Southeast Asia
World
Period:
Spot (2016/2019)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company (accessed September 2025); Euromonitor Passport (accessed September 2025); UN Tourism. Compendium of Tourism Statistics data set. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database (accessed September 2024); and UN Tourism. World Tourism Barometer, September 2025. https://doi.org/10.18111/wtobarometereng (accessed October 2025).
Annual growth (CAGR) of international arrivals (%)
Annual growth (CAGR) of international tourism receipts (%)
Scope:
Armenia
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China, People's Republic of
Cook Islands
Fiji
Georgia
Hong Kong, China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kiribati
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Malaysia
Maldives
Marshall Islands
Mongolia
Nepal
New Zealand
Niue
Pakistan
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Republic of Korea
Samoa
Singapore
Solomon Islands
Sri Lanka
Taipei,China
Tajikistan
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Türkiye
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Viet Nam
Period:
Spot (2016/2019)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company (accessed September 2025); Euromonitor Passport (accessed September 2025); UN Tourism. Compendium of Tourism Statistics data set. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database (accessed September 2024); and UN Tourism. World Tourism Barometer, September 2025. https://doi.org/10.18111/wtobarometereng (accessed October 2025).
Outbound trips per 1,000 people; Travel spending per departure ($)
Scope:
Armenia
Australia
Azerbaijan
Cambodia
Canada
China, People's Republic of
Fiji
France
Georgia
Germany
India
Indonesia
Italy
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Netherlands
New Zealand
Republic of Korea
Russian Federation
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Spain
Sri Lanka
Taipei,China
Thailand
Türkiye
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Period:
Spot (2019/2019)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from UN Tourism. Statistics Database, November 2023. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database. (accessed October 2025) and World Travel and Tourism Council. Research Hub Interactive Economic Impact Dashboard. https://researchhub.wttc.org/dv-dashboard. (accessed October 2025).
% Share of inbound flows from source to destination
Scope:
Australia and New Zealand
Central and West Asia
East Asia
Pacific developing economies
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Period:
Annual (2019/2019)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company (accessed October 2025); Haver Analytics (accessed October 2025); UN Tourism Statistics Database, October 2025. https://www.e-unwto.org (accessed November 2025); and official sources (accessed October 2025).
% Share of inbound flows from source to destination
Scope:
Australia and New Zealand
Central and West Asia
East Asia
Pacific developing economies
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Period:
Annual (2023/2023)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company (accessed October 2025); Haver Analytics (accessed October 2025); UN Tourism Statistics Database, October 2025. https://www.e-unwto.org (accessed November 2025); and official sources (accessed October 2025).
ADB calculations using data from ASEAN Secretariat. ASEANstats Database. https://www.aseanstats.org (accessed July 2025)
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index (a) Overall Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index and Dimensional Subindexes—Asia and the Pacific
Asian Development Bank (ADB). Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2025)
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index (b) Overall Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index—Asian Subregions and Subregional Initiatives
Asian Development Bank (ADB). Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2025)
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index (c) Regional Integration Index—Asia and the Pacific and Other Regions
Asian Development Bank (ADB). Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2025)
Regional Integration Indicators—Asia and the Pacific (% of total)
: ADB calculations using data from ASEAN Secretariat. ASEANstats Database. https://www.aseanstats.org (accessed July 2025); CEIC Data Company; Eurostat. Balance of Payments. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/balance-of-payments/data/database (accessed July 2025); Haver Analytics; International Monetary Fund (IMF). Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/DOT (accessed January 2026); IMF. Portfolio Investment Positions. https://data.imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:PIP (accessed November 2025); United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2020. http://www.un.org/en/ development/desa/population/migration/data/index.shtml (accessed May 2024); United Nations Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2024 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2025); UN Tourism. UN Tourism Statistics Database. https://www.e-unwto. org/toc/unwtotfb/current (accessed October 20
Trade Shares—Asia and the Pacific, 2024 (% of total trade)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. International trade in goods by partner country dataset. https://data.imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:IMTS (accessed January 2026).
Free Trade Agreement Status—Asia and the Pacific, as of December 2025
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund Portfolio Investment Positions. https://data.imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:PIP (accessed November 2025).
Cross-Border Portfolio Debt Holdings—Asia and the Pacific, 2024 (% of total cross-border portfolio debt holdings)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund Portfolio Investment Positions. https://data.imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.STA:PIP (accessed November 2025).
Foreign Direct Investment Inflow Share—Asia and the Pacific, 2024 (% of total FDI inflows)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2024. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock (accessed May 2025).
Inbound Tourism Share—Asia and the Pacific, 2023 (% of total inbound visitors)