A compilation of all figures and tables from the Asian Economic Integration Reports. Download data in CSV or follow links to view specific figure or table from the report.
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Bilateral Economic Integration Index Database.
Author:
Mara Tayag / Mara Tayag, Asian Development Bank Joshua Gapay / Joshua Gapay, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Manuel Albis / Manuel Albis, University of the Philippines
Regional Integration Index by Dimension—Asia and the Pacific Versus Other Regions (b) 2023
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Bilateral Economic Integration Index Database.
Author:
Mara Tayag / Mara Tayag, Asian Development Bank Joshua Gapay / Joshua Gapay, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Manuel Albis / Manuel Albis, University of the Philippines
Methodology and Data in Estimating the Regional Integration Index Based on ADB’s Bilateral Economic Integration Index
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Bilateral Economic Integration Index Database.
Author:
Mara Tayag / Mara Tayag, Asian Development Bank Joshua Gapay / Joshua Gapay, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Manuel Albis / Manuel Albis, University of the Philippines
Trends in Regional Integration Index by Dimension—Asia and the Pacific Versus Other Regions (b) Foreign Direct Investment
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Bilateral Economic Integration Index Database.
Author:
Mara Tayag / Mara Tayag, Asian Development Bank Joshua Gapay / Joshua Gapay, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Manuel Albis / Manuel Albis, University of the Philippines
Regional Integration Index by Dimension—Asian Subregions (a) 2005
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Bilateral Economic Integration Index Database.
Author:
Mara Tayag / Mara Tayag, Asian Development Bank Joshua Gapay / Joshua Gapay, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Manuel Albis / Manuel Albis, University of the Philippines
Regional Integration Index by Dimension—Asian Subregions (b) 2023
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Bilateral Economic Integration Index Database.
Author:
Mara Tayag / Mara Tayag, Asian Development Bank Joshua Gapay / Joshua Gapay, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Manuel Albis / Manuel Albis, University of the Philippines
Network Representation of Intraregional and Extraregional Integration Linkages—Asia and the Pacific (a) Trade (Intraregional > Extraregional)
Network Representation of Intraregional and Extraregional Integration Linkages—Asia and the Pacific (b) Foreign Direct Investment (Intraregional < Extraregional)
Network Representation of Intraregional and Extraregional Integration Linkages—Asia and the Pacific (d) Movement of People (Intraregional > Extraregional)
ADB Regional Cooperation and Integration dashboard.
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Sanchita Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Paulo Rodelio Halili / Paulo Rodelio Halili, Asian Development Bank Pilar Dayag / Pilar Dayag, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
ADB Commitments in Regional Cooperation and Integration, by Sector (b) Number of projects
ADB Regional Cooperation and Integration dashboard.
Author:
Sanchita Basu-Das / Sanchita Basu-Das, Asian Development Bank Paulo Rodelio Halili / Paulo Rodelio Halili, Asian Development Bank Pilar Dayag / Pilar Dayag, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
ADB’s Bilateral Economic Integration Index—Economy and Regional Coverage
Source: ADB calculations using World Bank. Deep Trade Agreements Database. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/dta/table.html (accessed August 2024)
Author:
Foster-Mcgregor,Neil / Senior Economist, ADB
Share of Preferential and Nondiscriminatory Provisions in Trade Agreements, 2022 (a) Share of preferential and nondiscriminatory provisions in trade agreements
Sources: ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund (IMF). World Economic Outlook April 2024 Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April
Author:
Foster-Mcgregor,Neil / Senior Economist, ADB
Merchandise and Services Trade Volume and Real Output Growth—Asia and the Pacific, and the World (b) Asia and the Pacific ex PRC
Sources: ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund (IMF). World Economic Outlook April 2024 Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April
Author:
Foster-Mcgregor,Neil / Senior Economist, ADB
Merchandise and Services Trade Volume and Real Output Growth—Asia and the Pacific, and the World (c) World
Sources: ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund (IMF). World Economic Outlook April 2024 Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April
Author:
Foster-Mcgregor,Neil / Senior Economist, ADB
Monthly Trade by Value and Volume—Asia and the Pacific
Source: United Nations Trade and Development. Global Trade Update (July 2024). https://unctad.org/publication/global-trade-update-july-2024 (accessed August 2024).
Source: United Nations Trade and Development. Global Trade Update (July 2024). https://unctad.org/publication/global-trade-update-july-2024 (accessed August 2024).
Sources: ADB calculations using data from Feenstra et al. (2005); United Nations. UN Comtrade Database. https://comtrade.un.org/; and World Bank. Deep Trade AgreementsDatabase.https://datatopics.worldbank.org/dta/table.html (accessed September 2024)
Sources: ADB calculations using data from Feenstra et al. (2005); United Nations. UN Comtrade Database. https://comtrade.un.org/; and World Bank. Deep Trade Agreements Database.https://datatopics.worldbank.org/dta/table.html (accessed September 2024)
Sources: ADB calculations using data from Feenstra et al. (2005); United Nations. UN Comtrade Database. https://comtrade.un.org/; and World Bank. Deep Trade Agreements Database.https://datatopics.worldbank.org/dta/table.html (accessed September 2024)
value of services trade and components ($ million)
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
World
Period:
Annual (2005/2021)
Source:
Source: ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). OECD–World Trade Organization Balanced Trade in Services Database. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-balanced-trade-statistics.html (accessed August 2024).
coefficient of trade agreement presence on services trade
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
World
Period:
Annual (2005/2021)
Source:
Source: ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). OECD–World Trade Organization Balanced Trade in Services. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/oecd-balanced-trade-statistics.html (accessed August 2024).
coefficient of PTA breadth/preferential tariffs to MFN tariffs
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
World
Period:
Annual (1996/2023)
Source:
Source: ADB calculations using data from United Nations. UN Comtrade Database. https://comtrade.un.org/; World Trade Organization. Integrated Data Base. https://tao.wto.org/site/glossary/en/IDB_-_INTEGRATED_DATA_BASE. htm; and World Bank. Deep Trade Agreements Database. https://datatopics. worldbank.org/dta/table.html (accessed November 2024).
Trade Values and Trade Shares Using Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership in Japan (a) Total value of imports from RCEP economies entering through EPAs, by type ($ billion)
Trade Values and Trade Shares Using Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership in Japan (b) Share of imports from RCEP economies entering through EPAs, by type (%)
Sources: ADB calculations using World Bank. Deep Trade Agreements Database. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/dta/table.html; International Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/dots; and Global Trade Alert Database. https://www.globaltradealert.org (accessed August 2024).
ADB calculations using data from UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2024 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Global Foreign Direct Investment Inflows, Balance of Payments (b) Year-on-year growth (%)
ADB calculations using data from UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2024 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Top Destinations of Foreign Investment, Asia and the Pacific (a) Inward investment ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2024 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Top Destinations of Foreign Investment, Asia and the Pacific (b) Changes in share in total (%)
ADB calculations using data from UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2024 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Investment in Asia and the Pacific—Firm-Level Activity, Total Greenfield and Mergers and Acquisitions (a) Investment by source ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (both accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Investment in Asia and the Pacific—Firm-Level Activity, Total Greenfield and Mergers and Acquisitions (b) Investment by sector (%)
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (both accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Greenfield Investment in Asia and the Pacific, by Destination and Sector (a) 2013
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (both accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Greenfield Investment in Asia and the Pacific, by Destination and Sector (b) 2023
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (both accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Merger and Acquisition Deals in Asia and the Pacific, by Destination and Sector (a) 2013
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (both accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Merger and Acquisition Deals in Asia and the Pacific, by Destination and Sector (b) 2023
Sources: ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (both accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Greenfield Investment in Asia and the Pacific, by Business Activity (a) 2013
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (both accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Greenfield Investment in Asia and the Pacific, by Business Activity (b) 2023
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (both accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Investment in Strategic Sectors—Asia and the Pacific, Firm-Level Activity, Total Greenfield and Mergers and Acquisitions (a) 2013–2017
Sources: ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (both accessed May 2024); and methodology from Atlantic Council (2022) and International Monetary Fund (2023).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Investment in Strategic Sectors—Asia and the Pacific, Firm-Level Activity, Total Greenfield and Mergers and Acquisitions (b) 2018–2023
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (both accessed May 2024); and methodology from Atlantic Council (2022) and International Monetary Fund (2023).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Mining Production in Asia and the Pacific, 2022 (% of global production)
British Geological Survey. World Mineral Statistics Data. https://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/statistics/world-mineral-statistics/; and US Geological Survey. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2023: US Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2023 (both accessed December 2024).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Kim, Asian Development Bank Monelle Capistrano / Capistrano, Asian Development Bank
Flows of Mergers and Acquisitions and Greenfield Investment Deal Values in Critical Minerals Industries, 2015–2024 ($ million) (a) Mergers and acquisitions
Source: Kim et al. (forthcoming) based on data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (both accessed December 2024).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Kim, Asian Development Bank Monelle Capistrano / Capistrano, Asian Development Bank
Flows of Mergers and Acquisitions and Greenfield Investment Deal Values in Critical Minerals Industries, 2015–2024 ($ million) (b) Greenfield
Kim et al. (forthcoming) based on data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (both accessed December 2024).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Kim, Asian Development Bank Monelle Capistrano / Capistrano, Asian Development Bank
Foreign Direct Investment Outflows—Balance of Payments (a) Global outward investment ($ trillion)
ADB calculations using data from UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2024 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Foreign Direct Investment Outflows—Balance of Payments (b) Asian outward investment ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2024 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Top Sources of Foreign Investment—Balance of Payments, Asia and the Pacific (a) Outward investment ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2024 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Top Sources of Foreign Investment—Balance of Payments, Asia and the Pacific (b) Changes in share in total (%)
ADB calculations using data from UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2024 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Average Annual Share in Total Investment by Sector—Firm-Level (% share in total)
ADB calculations using data from UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2024 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Investment Versus Exports in Selected Sectors—Firm-Level, Asia and the Pacific (a) Chemicals and chemical products
Sources: ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (both accessed May 2024); and methodology from Atlantic Council (2022) and International Monetary Fund (2023).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Investment Versus Exports in Selected Sectors—Firm-Level, Asia and the Pacific (e) Food, beverage, and tobacco
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (both accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Foreign Investment by Motive—Firm-Level, Asia and the Pacific (b) Contribution to FDI growth (percentage points)
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database) (both accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Foreign Investment Linkages in Selected Sectors—Firm-Level, Asia and the Pacific, 2018–2023 (a) Motor vehicles, trailers, and semitrailers
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database); and OECD. Activity of Multinational Enterprises. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/activity-of-multinational-enterprises.html (all accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Foreign Investment Linkages in Selected Sectors—Firm-Level, Asia and the Pacific, 2018–2023 (b) Computer, electronic, and optical products
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database); and OECD. Activity of Multinational Enterprises. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/activity-of-multinational-enterprises.html (all accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Foreign Investment Linkages in Selected Sectors—Firm-Level, Asia and the Pacific, 2018–2023 (c) Chemicals and chemical products
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database); and OECD. Activity of Multinational Enterprises. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/activity-of-multinational-enterprises.html (all accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Foreign Investment Linkages in Selected Sectors—Firm-Level, Asia and the Pacific, 2018–2023 (d) Telecommunications
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database); and OECD. Activity of Multinational Enterprises. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/activity-of-multinational-enterprises.html (all accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
ADB calculations using data from IDOS and WTO. WTO Investment Related Databases. Investment Facilitation Index Database. https://www.wto.org/spanish/res_s/reser_s/invest_related_db_s.htm (accessed 24 October 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Support of Asia’s Subregional Initiatives to Foreign Direct Investment Policy
ADB calculations using data from the ASEAN Secretariat. ASEANstats Data Portal. https://data.aseanstats.org (accessed July 2024); CEIC Data Company; Eurostat. Balance of Payments. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat (accessed July 2024); International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April (accessed April 2024); and UN Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2024 Statistical Annex Tables. https://unctad.org/topic/investment/world-investment-report (accessed July 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Overview of International Investment Agreements (a) Number of new BITs or investment provisions in FTAs in Asia and the Pacific
ADB calculations based on ADB. ADB International Investment Agreement Tool Kit. https://aric.adb.org/database/iias; and United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD). UNCTAD International Investment Agreements Navigator. https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements (both accessed June 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Overview of International Investment Agreements (b) Change in structure of BIT provisions in Asia and the Pacific
Sources: ADB calculations based on ADB. ADB International Investment Agreement Tool Kit. https://aric.adb.org/database/iias; and United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD). UNCTAD International Investment Agreements Navigator. https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements (both accessed June 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Overview of Domestic Policies on Foreign Investment (a) Number of new industrial policies implemented, 2018–2023
Blanchard et al. (2025) using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets (accessed September 2024).
Author:
Emily Blanchard / , Will Olney / , Amelia Santos-Paulino / , Claudia Trentini / , Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Camille Reverdy / ,
Foreign Investment Linkages in Selected Sectors—Firm-Level, Asia and the Pacific, 2013–2017 ($ million, average annual investment) (a) Motor vehicles, trailers, and semitrailers
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database); and OECD. Activity of Multinational Enterprises. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/activity-of-multinational-enterprises.html (all accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Foreign Investment Linkages in Selected Sectors—Firm-Level, Asia and the Pacific, 2013–2017 ($ million, average annual investment) (b) Computer, electronic, and optical products
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database); and OECD. Activity of Multinational Enterprises. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/activity-of-multinational-enterprises.html (all accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Foreign Investment Linkages in Selected Sectors—Firm-Level, Asia and the Pacific, 2013–2017 ($ million, average annual investment) (c) Chemicals and chemical products
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database); and OECD. Activity of Multinational Enterprises. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/activity-of-multinational-enterprises.html (all accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Foreign Investment Linkages in Selected Sectors—Firm-Level, Asia and the Pacific, 2013–2017 ($ million, average annual investment) (d) Telecommunications
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDi Markets; and Moody’s Analytics. Orbis M&A (formerly Zephyr M&A Database); and OECD. Activity of Multinational Enterprises. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/activity-of-multinational-enterprises.html (all accessed May 2024).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Subregional Cooperation Initiatives and Foreign Direct Investment Policy in Asia and the Pacific
ADB calculations using data from the International Monetary Fund. Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. Accessed from CEIC Data Company (accessed January 2025).
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Nonresident Capital Flows—Selected Asian Economies ($ billion) (b) Portfolio flows
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Carlos Cabaero / Carlos Cabaero, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Contributor:
ADB calculations using Bloomberg; CEIC Data Company; and Haver Analytics (all accessed January 2025)
Cross-Border Assets—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (a) Portfolio debt
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm; International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis; and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (all accessed January 2025)
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Carlos Cabaero / Carlos Cabaero, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Cross-Border Assets—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (b) Portfolio equity
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm; International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis; and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (all accessed January 2025)
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Carlos Cabaero / Carlos Cabaero, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Cross-Border Assets—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (c) FDI
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm; International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis; and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (all accessed January 2025)
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Carlos Cabaero / Carlos Cabaero, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Cross-Border Assets—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (d) Bank
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm; International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis; and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (all accessed January 2025)
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Carlos Cabaero / Carlos Cabaero, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Cross-Border Liabilities—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (a) Portfolio debt
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm; International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis; and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (all accessed January 2025
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Carlos Cabaero / Carlos Cabaero, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Cross-Border Liabilities—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (b) Portfolio equity
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm; International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis; and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (all accessed January 2025)
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Carlos Cabaero / Carlos Cabaero, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Cross-Border Liabilities—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (c) FDI
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm; International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis; and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (all accessed January 2025)
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Carlos Cabaero / Carlos Cabaero, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Cross-Border Liabilities—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (d) Bank
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm; International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis; and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (all accessed January 2025)
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Carlos Cabaero / Carlos Cabaero, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Cross-Border Investment—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (% of total) (a) Assets
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm; International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis; and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (all accessed January 2025)
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Carlos Cabaero / Carlos Cabaero, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Cross-Border Investment—Asia and the Pacific, by Type (% of total) (b) Liabilities
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm; International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis; and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (all accessed January 2025)
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Carlos Cabaero / Carlos Cabaero, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
ADB calculations using data from the International Monetary Fund. Balance of Payment and International Investment Position Statistics. http://data.imf.org/BOP (accessed December 2024).
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Nonresident Financial Flows to Asia—By Type (b) Portfolio investment
ADB calculations using data from the International Monetary Fund. Balance of Payment and International Investment Position Statistics. http://data.imf.org/BOP (accessed December 2024).
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
External Financial Assets and Liabilities (% of GDP)
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg; CEIC Data Company (both accessed January 2025); and methodology by Lee and Park (2011) using 1-year rolling window estimations.
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Clemence Fatima Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Variance Decomposition of Equity and Bond Returns (b) Bond returns
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg; CEIC Data Company (both accessed January 2025); and methodology by Lee and Park (2011) using 1-year rolling window estimations.
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Clemence Fatima Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Trade in Merchandise and Services and Cross-Border Assets and Liabilities of Asia and the Pacific, by Partner (%)
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://stats.bis.org/statx/toc/LBS.html; International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis; IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (all accessed January 2025); IMF. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/dot; IMF. World Economic Outlook October 2023 Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October; and WTO-Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Balanced Trade in Services Dataset (BaTIS)—BPM6. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/trade_datasets_e.htm (all accessed November 2024).
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Intraregional Shares, 2023—ASEAN+3 Versus Euro Area (%)
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm; International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. http://data.imf.org/cpis (both accessed January 2025); and IMF. Direction of Trade Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Data (accessed November 2024)
Author:
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Financial Development Index—Selected Asian Economies
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Daniel Marcel te Kaat / Daniel Marcel te Kaat, University of Groningen Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Biodiversity Financing from Global Investment Funds After the Kunming Declaration
Alexander Raabe / Alexander Raabe, Asian Development Bank Daniel Marcel te Kaat / Daniel Marcel te Kaat, University of Groningen Rainiel Aquino / Rainiel Aquino, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
ADB calculations using data from McAuliffe and Oucho (2024); and United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (UN DESA). International Migrant Stock 2020. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock (accessed May 2024); World Bank Group. Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). KNOMAD/World Bank Bilateral Migration Matrix 2021, December 2022. https://prosperitydata360.worldbank.org/en/indicator/
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2020. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock (accessed May 2024); and World Bank Group. Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). KNOMAD/World Bank Bilateral Migration Matrix 2021, December 2022. https://prosperitydata360.worldbank.org/en/dataset/WB+KNOMAD (accessed September 2024).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2020. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock (accessed May 2024); and World Bank Group. Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). KNOMAD/World Bank Bilateral Migration Matrix 2021, December 2022. https://prosperitydata360.worldbank.org/en/dataset/WB+KNOMAD (accessed September 2024).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Sources of Asian Out-Migrant Stock by Subregion (% share of total)
stock of outbound migrants from Asia and the Pacific
Scope:
Central Asia
East Asia
Oceania
South Asia
Southeast Asia
The Pacific
Period:
5 Year (1990/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2020. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock (accessed May 2024); and World Bank Group. Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). KNOMAD/World Bank Bilateral Migration Matrix 2021, December 2022. https://prosperitydata360.worldbank.org/en/dataset/WB+KNOMAD (accessed September 2024).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Outflow of Migrant Workers from Selected Asian Economies (2019 = 100)
: ADB calculations using data from Central Bank of Sri Lanka. https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/en/statistics/statistical-tables/external-sector (accessed March 2025); Government of Bangladesh, Bureau of Manpower, Employment, and Training. http://www.old.bmet.gov.bd/BMET/stattisticalDataAction (accessed March 2025); Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs. Performance Smartboard. https://meadashboard.gov.in/indicators/15 (accessed March 2025); Government of Indonesia, Migrant Worker Protection Agency (Badan Pelindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia). https://bp2mi.go.id/ (accessed March 2025); Government of Pakistan, Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment. https://beoe.gov.pk/reports-and-statistics (accessed March 2025); Government of the Philippines, Department of Migrant Workers. https://dmw.gov.ph/statistics/overseas-employment-statistics (accessed March 2025).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Major Extraregional Hosts of Asia and Pacific Migrants in 2021 (million)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2020. https:// www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock (accessed May 2024); and World Bank Group. Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). KNOMAD/World Bank Bilateral Migration Matrix 2021, December 2022. https://prosperitydata360.worldbank.org/en/dataset/ WB+KNOMAD (accessed June 2024).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
intraregional migration shares per Asian subregion
Scope:
Central Asia
East Asia
Oceania
South Asia
Southeast Asia
The Pacific
Period:
Spot (2021/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2020. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock (accessed May 2024); and World Bank Group. Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). KNOMAD/World Bank Bilateral Migration Matrix 2021, December 2022. https://prosperitydata360. worldbank.org/en/dataset/WB+KNOMAD(accessed June 2024).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
number of Asian migrant workers under BLAs in selected economies
Scope:
Australia
Japan
Korea, Republic of
New Zealand
Period:
Annual (2010/2023)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Australian Government, Department of Employment and Workplace Relations. Pacific Australia Labour Mobility Scheme. https://www.dewr.gov.au/pacific-australia-labour-mobility-scheme; Korean Statistical Information Service. Statistical Database. https://kosis.kr/ eng/; New Zealand Immigration. Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Scheme Research. https://www.immigration.govt.nz/about-us/research-and-statistics/ research-reports/recognised-seasonal-employer-rse-scheme; and Statista. https://www.statista.com/ (all accessed August 2024).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Contributor:
Zemma Ardaniel / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Regional Trade Agreements with Labor Provisions (a) Number of RTAs
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (UN DESA). https://www.un.org/ development/desa/pd/ (accessed July 2024).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Percent Change in Working-Age Population from 2023, by Economy (%)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (UN DESA). https://www.un.org/ development/desa/pd/ (accessed July 2024).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Remittance Inflows to Asia and the Pacific, and the World
ADB calculations using data from World Bank. The Global Findex Database 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/globalfindex/ Report (accessed September 2024).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Framework for Leveraging Remittances to Enhance Financial Inclusion
ADB calculations using data from World Bank. The Global Findex Database 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/globalfindex/Report (accessed September 2024).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Tourism Performance by Region of Destination (a) International arrivals
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company (accessed December 2024); UN Tourism. Compendium of Tourism Statistics data set. https://www. unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database (accessed September 2024); and UN Tourism. International Tourism Highlights, 2024 Edition. https://doi. org/10.18111/9789284425808 (accessed December 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
Tourism Performance by Region of Destination (b) International receipts
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company (accessed December 2024); UN Tourism. Compendium of Tourism Statistics data set. https://www. unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database (accessed September 2024); and UN Tourism. International Tourism Highlights, 2024 Edition. https://doi. org/10.18111/9789284425808 (accessed December 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
Tourism Performance of Asia by Subregion (a) International arrivals
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company (accessed December 2024); UN Tourism. Compendium of Tourism Statistics data set. https://www. unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database (accessed September 2024); and UN Tourism. International Tourism Highlights, 2024 Edition. https://doi. org/10.18111/9789284425808 (accessed December 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
Tourism Performance of Asia by Subregion (b) International receipts
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company (accessed December 2024); UN Tourism. Compendium of Tourism Statistics data set. https://www. unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database (accessed September 2024); and UN Tourism. International Tourism Highlights, 2024 Edition. https://doi. org/10.18111/9789284425808 (accessed December 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations Arrivals to the World by Destination (million)
ADB calculations using UN Tourism. Data on Outbound Tourism. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/key-tourism-statistics. (accessed September 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
Share of Association of Southeast Asian Nations to Total International Arrivals in the Republic of Korea (%)
ADB calculations using data from UN Tourism. Data on Outbound Tourism. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/key-tourism-statistics (accessed September 2024); and UN Tourism. UNWTO Tourism Statistics Database. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statisticsdatabase (accessed September 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
International Arrivals and Receipts in Asia by Subregion, 2023
ADB calculations using data from UN Tourism. International Tourism Highlights, 2024 Edition. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284425808 (accessed December 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
Top Recipients of Tourism Receipts (a) Total tourism receipts ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from UN Tourism. International Tourism Highlights, 2024 Edition. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284425808 (accessed December 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
Top Recipients of Tourism Receipts (b) Receipts per arrival ($)
ADB calculations using data from UN Tourism. International Tourism Highlights, 2024 Edition. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284425808 (accessed December 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
Top Recipients of Tourism Receipts (c) Share of GDP (%)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook Database April 2024. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weodatabase/ 2024/April (accessed October 2024); and UN Tourism. International Tourism Highlights, 2024 Edition. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284425808 (accessed December 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from UN Tourism Compendium of Tourism Statistics dataset. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database (accessed August 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from UN Tourism Compendium of Tourism Statistics dataset. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database (accessed August 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from UN Tourism Compendium of Tourism Statistics dataset. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-statistics/tourism-statistics-database (accessed August 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
International Air Connectivity Growth, 2009–2019 (%)
ADB estimates using data from International Telecommunications Union (accessed September 2024), ITU. https://datahub.itu.int/ (accessed September 2024); and World Bank, World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed September 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
Number of Subscription to Information and Communication Technology Infrastructure per 100 People (b) Fixed broadband subscriptions
ADB estimates using data from International Telecommunications Union (accessed September 2024), ITU. https://datahub.itu.int/ (accessed September 2024); and World Bank, World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed September 2024).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
Sanchita Basu Das/ Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Veronica Domingo/ Economic Analyst, ADB.
Regional Integration Index—Asia and the Pacific and Other Regions (a) Overall Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index and Dimensional Subindexes—Asia and the Pacific
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2019)
Regional Integration Index—Asia and the Pacific and Other Regions (b) Overall Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index—Asian Subregions and Subregional Initiatives
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2019)
Regional Integration Index—Asia and the Pacific and Other Regions (c) Regional Integration Index—Asia and the Pacific and Other Regions
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2019)
Regional Integration Indicators—Asia and the Pacific (% of total)
ADB calculations using data from World Bank. Global Knowledge Partnership for Migration and Development. Bilateral Remittance staff estimates (December 2022). https://knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed August 2023).
Outbound Migration Share—Asia and the Pacific, 2021 (% of total outbound migrants)
ADB calculations using data from World Bank — KNOMAD (Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development). KNOMAD/World Bank Bilateral Remittance Matrix 2021, December 2022 (accessed June 2024).
Inbound Tourism Share—Asia and the Pacific, 2022 (% of total inbound visitors)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http:/ statistics.unwto.org/ (accessed January 2024).
Outbound Tourism Share—Asia and the Pacific, 2022 (% of total outbound visitors)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http:/ statistics.unwto.org/ (accessed January 2024).
