A compilation of all figures and tables from the Asian Economic Integration Reports. Download data in CSV or follow links to view specific figure or table from the report.
Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. Coronavirus Government Response Tracker. https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/research-projects/coronavirus-government-response-tracker (accessed December 2020).
Institute of International Finance. Capital Flows Tracker. https://www.iif.com/Research/Capital-Flows-and-Debt/Capital-Flows-Tracker (accessed December 2020).
Growth in Tourist and Visitor Arrivals—Selected Economies (%, y-o-y)
ADB. Asian Development Outlook (ADO) Series. https://www.adb.org/publications/series/asian-development-outlook; and International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook Reports. https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo (both accessed February 2021).
Change in Poverty Headcount and Trade Openness (% points)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade Statistics. http://data.imf.org/DOT; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (all accessed October 2020).
Author:
James Villafuerte / Senior Economist, ERCI, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Rogelio Mercado Jr. / Economist, ERCI, ADB
Trade in Services Growth—Developing Asia (%, y-o-y)
ADB (Central and West Department, South Asia Department, Southeast Asia Department); and ASEAN Secretariat. 2020. ASEAN Leaders Vision Statement on a Cohesive and Responsive ASEAN: Rising Above Challenges and Sustaining Growth. 26 June. https://asean.org/storage/2020/06/Final-ASEAN-Leaders-Vision-Statement-on-a-Cohesive-and-Responsive-ASEAN-final.pdf.
Author:
James Villafuerte / Senior Economist, ERCI, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Rogelio Mercado Jr. / Economist, ERCI, ADB
ADB calculations using data from CEIC; and CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. World Trade Monitor. https://www.cpb.nl/en/data (accessed January 2021).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank ADB Marife Lou Bacate / Bacate, ADB
ADB calculations using data from CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. World Trade Monitor. https://www.cpb.nl/en/data; and Haver Analytics (accessed January 2021).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank ADB Marife Lou Bacate / Bacate, ADB
Global Business Confidence and Asia’s Trade Volume Growth
ADB calculations using data from CEIC; CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. World Trade Monitor. https://www.cpb.nl/en/data; and OECD. Business confidence index indicator. doi: 10.1787/3092dc4f-en (accessed January 2021).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank ADB Marife Lou Bacate / Bacate, ADB
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook October 2020 Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October (accessed October 2020); and World Trade Organization. Statistics Database. http://data.wto.org/en (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank ADB Marife Lou Bacate / Bacate, ADB
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center FTA Database. https://aric.adb.org/fta; and World Trade Organization. Regional Trade Agreement Information System. http://rtais.wto.org (both accessed July 2020).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank ADB, Ramizo
ADB calculations using data from World Trade Organization. Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/itip_e.htm (accessed September 2020).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank ADB, Ramizo
Number of COVID-19-Related Measures Imposed by Asia, by Effect on Trade (as of 24 August 2020)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2020 Statistical Annex Tables. http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/World%20Investment%20Report/Annex-Tables.aspx (accessed June 2020).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Global Inward FDI, First Quarter Estimates, 2003–2020—Greenfield and M&As ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development. FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=FDIINDEX# (accessed September 2020); and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2020 Statistical Annex Tables. http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/World%20Investment%20Report/Annex-Tables.aspx (accessed June 2020).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index versus FDI—Asia and Non-Asia
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=FDIINDEX# (accessed September 2020); and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2020 Statistical Annex Tables. http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/World%20Investment%20Report/Annex-Tables.aspx (accessed June 2020).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang / Kang, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
ADB (Regional Cooperation and Integration Division, Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department). International Investment Agreement Database.
Author:
Avendano, Rolando / Economist, Asian Development Bank; Arellano, Clarisa Joy / Consultant, Asian Development Bank; Tolin, Lovely Ann / Consultant, Asian Development Bank
ADB calculations using data from World Bank. International Center for Settlement of International Disputes (ICSID). ICSID Cases Database. https://icsid.worldbank.org/cases/case-database (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Avendano, Rolando / Economist, Asian Development Bank; Arellano, Clarisa Joy / Consultant, Asian Development Bank; Tolin, Lovely Ann / Consultant, Asian Development Bank
ADB (Regional Cooperation and Integration Division, Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department). International Investment Agreement Database.
Author:
Avendano, Rolando / Economist, Asian Development Bank; Arellano, Clarisa Joy / Consultant, Asian Development Bank; Tolin, Lovely Ann / Consultant, Asian Development Bank
BIT Provisions for Intraregional (Asia-Asia) and Extraregional (Asia-ROW) Agreements
ADB (Regional Cooperation and Integration Division, Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department). International Investment Agreement Database.
Author:
Avendano, Rolando / Economist, Asian Development Bank; Arellano, Clarisa Joy / Consultant, Asian Development Bank; Tolin, Lovely Ann / Consultant, Asian Development Bank
Average BIT Provisions by Year of Signature or Enforcement
ADB (Regional Cooperation and Integration Division, Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department). International Investment Agreement Database.
Author:
Avendano, Rolando / Economist, Asian Development Bank; Arellano, Clarisa Joy / Consultant, Asian Development Bank; Tolin, Lovely Ann / Consultant, Asian Development Bank
ADB (Regional Cooperation and Integration Division, Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department). International Investment Agreement Database.
Author:
Avendano, Rolando / Economist, Asian Development Bank; Arellano, Clarisa Joy / Consultant, Asian Development Bank; Tolin, Lovely Ann / Consultant, Asian Development Bank
ADB (Regional Cooperation and Integration Division, Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department). International Investment Agreement Database.
Author:
Avendano, Rolando / Economist, Asian Development Bank; Arellano, Clarisa Joy / Consultant, Asian Development Bank; Tolin, Lovely Ann / Consultant, Asian Development Bank
ADB calculations using data from Bureau van Dijk. Zephyr M&A Database; Financial Times. fDi Markets; Centre d’Études Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales (the French Research Center in International Economics). GeoDist Database. http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/cepii/cepii.asp (all accessed June 2020); and ADB (Regional Cooperation and Integration Division, Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department). International Investment Agreement Database.
Author:
Avendano, Rolando / Economist, Asian Development Bank; Arellano, Clarisa Joy / Consultant, Asian Development Bank; Tolin, Lovely Ann / Consultant, Asian Development Bank
M&A and Greenfield (Number of Deals/Projects), by BIT Family and Sector
ADB calculations using data from Bureau van Dijk. Zephyr M&A Database; Centre d’Etudes Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales (the French Research Center in International Economics). GeoDist database. http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/cepii/cepii.asp; and Financial Times. fDi Markets. (all accessed June 2020); ADB (Regional Cooperation and Integration Division, Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department). International Investment Agreement Database.
Author:
Avendano, Rolando / Economist, Asian Development Bank; Arellano, Clarisa Joy / Consultant, Asian Development Bank; Tolin, Lovely Ann / Consultant, Asian Development Bank
International Investment Agreements and Types of COVID-19 Measures
ADB compilation based on Chaisse (2020) and UNCTAD (2020a).
Author:
Avendano, Rolando / Economist, Asian Development Bank; Arellano, Clarisa Joy / Consultant, Asian Development Bank; Tolin, Lovely Ann / Consultant, Asian Development Bank
Recommendations for Improving BIT Provisions in the Post-COVID-19
ADB compilation based on Chaisse (2020) and UNCTAD (2020b).
Author:
Avendano, Rolando / Economist, Asian Development Bank; Arellano, Clarisa Joy / Consultant, Asian Development Bank; Tolin, Lovely Ann / Consultant, Asian Development Bank
ADB compilation based on Desbordes (2016) and Chaisse (2020).
Author:
Avendano, Rolando / Economist, Asian Development Bank; Arellano, Clarisa Joy / Consultant, Asian Development Bank; Tolin, Lovely Ann / Consultant, Asian Development Bank
Liberalization and Antidiscrimination Indicators in Asia GDP per Capita
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=FDIINDEX#; World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators; World Bank. World Governance Indicators. http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi (all accessed July 2020); and ADB (Regional Cooperation and Integration Division, Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department). International Investment Agreement Database.
Author:
Avendano, Rolando / Economist, Asian Development Bank; Arellano, Clarisa Joy / Consultant, Asian Development Bank; Tolin, Lovely Ann / Consultant, Asian Development Bank
Liberalization and Antidiscrimination Indicators in Asia FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=FDIINDEX#; World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators; World Bank. World Governance Indicators. http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi (all accessed July 2020); and ADB (Regional Cooperation and Integration Division, Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department). International Investment Agreement Database.
Author:
Matthias Helble / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Liberalization and Antidiscrimination Indicators in Asia World Governance Indicator (Regulatory Quality)
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=FDIINDEX#; World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators; World Bank. World Governance Indicators. http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi (all accessed July 2020); and ADB (Regional Cooperation and Integration Division, Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department). International Investment Agreement Database.
Author:
Matthias Helble / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Chicago Board Options Exchange. Volatility Index. http://www.cboe.com/vix (accessed January 2021).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Credit Default Swaps—Selected Asian Economies (spreads index, 2 January 2020 = 100)
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
LIBOR-OIS Spread—Global Financial Crisis versus COVID-19 (basis points)
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Cross-Currency Basis Swap Spread against the United States Dollar (basis points)
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Financial Stress Index—Euro Area, the United States, and the United Kingdom
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg; CEIC; Haver Analytics; the International Monetary Fund. International Financial Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IFS (accessed January 2021); and methodology by Park and Mercado (2014).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg; CEIC; Haver Analytics; the International Monetary Fund. International Financial Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IFS (accessed January 2021); and methodology by Park and Mercado (2014).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Stock Price Index—Selected Asian Economies (2 January 2020 = 100)
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Comparison of Equity Market Slump—Selected Economies
ADB calculations using data from Google Finance. http://google.com/finance; Investing.com. https://www.investing.com/indices/msci-world-historical-data; MSCI. MSCI World Index. https://www.msci.com/eqb/esg/performance/106.0.all.xls; and S&P Dow Jones Indices. Dow Jones Industrial Average Index. https://us.spindices.com/indices/equity/dow-jones-industrial-average (all accessed August 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Nonresident Portfolio Flows—Selected Asian Economies ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from the Institute of International Finance and national sources.
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Nonresident Capital Flows—Selected Asian Economies ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from the International Monetary Fund. Balanced of Payments. Accessed from CEIC.
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Exchange Rate, $/LCU—Selected Asian Currencies (2 January 2020 = 100)
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg; CEIC; and methodology by Lee and Park (2011).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg; CEIC; and methodology by Lee and Park (2011).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from the Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed October 2020); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. http://cdis.imf.org (accessed December 2020); and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. http://cpis.imf.org (accessed September 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from the Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed October 2020); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. http://cdis.imf.org (accessed December 2020); and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. http://cpis.imf.org (accessed September 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Conditional Marginal Effects of CBOE VIX with 95% CIs
ADB calculations using data from the Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm; Centre d’Etudes Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales (the French Research Center in International Economics). GeoDist database. http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/welcome.asp; and International Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/DOT (all accessed August 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Asian Development Bank
Currency Composition of Asia’s International Investment Positions (%)
International Investment Position currency composition
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
China, People's Republic of
Eurozone
Japan
United Kingdom
United States
Period:
annual (2019/2019)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bénétrix et al. (2019); and International Monetary Fund. Balance of Payments and International Financial Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIF (accessed September 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Currency Shares of Asia’s International Investment Assets and Liabilities (share of total)
International Investment Liability currency shares
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
China, People's Republic of
Eurozone
Japan
United Kingdom
United States
Period:
annual (2010/2017)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bénétrix et al. (2019); and International Monetary Fund. Balance of Payments and International Financial Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIF (accessed September 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Currency Composition of Asia’s International Equity Investments (%)
International Investment Equity Assets currency composition
International Investment Equity Liabilities currency composition
International Investment Equity currency composition
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
China, People's Republic of
Eurozone
Japan
United Kingdom
United States
Period:
annual (2019/2019)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bénétrix et al. (2019); and International Monetary Fund. Balance of Payments and International Financial Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIF (accessed September 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Currency Composition of Asia’s International Debt Investments (%)
International Investment Debt Assets currency composition
International Investment Debt Liabilities currency composition
International Investment Debt currency composition
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
China, People's Republic of
Eurozone
Japan
United Kingdom
United States
Period:
annual (2019/2019)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bénétrix et al. (2019); and International Monetary Fund. Balance of Payments and International Financial Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIF (accessed September 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Asia’s Trade with the United States and US Dollar Invoicing (%)
ADB calculations using Boz et al. (2020) data set; and International Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade Statistics. http://data.imf.org/DOT (accessed September 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
United States Dollar and Other Currency Trade Invoicing (%)
ADB calculations using Boz et al. (2020) data set.
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from Boz et al. (2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Institute of International Finance. Global Debt Monitor December 2020. https://www.iif.com/Research/Capital-Flows-and-Debt/Global-Debt-Monitor (accessed January 2021).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
AsianBondsOnline; CEIC; Haver Analytics; and national sources (all accessed April 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Development of NPLs, 2015 versus 2019—Selected Asian Economies (NPL ratio, %)
ADB calculations using data from Bank of Mongolia; CEIC; the International Monetary Fund. Financial Soundness Indicators. https://data.imf.org; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators (all accessed July 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Impact of Nonperforming Loans on Banking Outflows from Emerging Market Economies (LBS total cross-border foreign claims)
ADB calculations using data from the Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed October 2020); and Park, Rosenkranz, and Tayag (2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Gross Cross-Border Bank Claims and Liabilities—Asia ($ trillion)
cross-border bank liabilities in domestic currency
cross-border bank liabilities in foreign currency
cross-border bank liabilities of bank sector
cross-border bank liabilities of nonbank sector
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Period:
annual (2000/2020)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed October 2020); and Park, Rosenkranz, and Tayag (2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Determinants of the Cross-Currency Basis Swap and Effect on Nonresident Capital Outflows
ADB calculations using data from the International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. http://data.imf.org/CPIS (accessed September 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Change in International Portfolio Assets—Asia ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from the International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. http://data.imf.org/CPIS (accessed September 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from the International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. http://data.imf.org/CPIS (accessed September 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Change in International Portfolio Liabilities—Asia ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from the International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. http://data.imf.org/CPIS (accessed September 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Intraregional Portfolio Debt Investment—Asia, by Subregion
ADB calculations using data from the International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. http://data.imf.org/CPIS (accessed September 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Intraregional Portfolio Equity Investment—Asia, by Subregion
ADB calculations using data from the International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. http://data.imf.org/CPIS (accessed September 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from the Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
Change in Cross-Border Bank Holdings—Asia ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from the Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Rogelio Mercado / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Peter C. Rosenkranz / Economist, ADB; Ana Kristel M. Lapid / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB; Dominique Hannah A. Sy / Economic Analyst, ADB.
International Migrant Stock and Share of Migrants from Asia
ADB calculations using data from United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock: The 2019 Revision. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates19.asp (accessed May 2020).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
ADB calculations using data from United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock: The 2019 Revision. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates19.asp (accessed May 2020).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Mobility Restrictions during the COVID-19 Pandemic—2020 Oxford Government Stringency Index
ADB calculations using data from United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock: The 2019 Revision. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates19.asp (accessed May 2020); Ahamad (2021); Engblom, Lephilibert, and Baruah (2020); Eurasianet.org (2020); Global Knowledge Partnership for Migration and Development (2020); Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs. https://www.mea.gov.in/vande-bharat-mission-list-of-flights.htm (accessed January 2021); Government of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs (2021); International Organization for Migration (2020a, 2020b, 2020c, 2020d); Massing (2020); Millard (2020); Olsen and Vorn (2020); Pannier (2020); Pollock and Paing (2020); Prasain (2020); Radio New Zealand (2020a, 2020b).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
number of migrants to Asia; number of migrants from Asia
Period:
Annual (1990/2019)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock: The 2019 Revision. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates19.asp (accessed May 2020).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Asian Outmigrants by Subregion and Their Regional Destination, 2019 (number of international migrants)
number of Asian outmigrants in regional destinations
Source:
ADB calculations using data from United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock: The 2019 Revision. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates19.asp (accessed May 2020).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Top 10 Economies Hosting Migrants from Asia and COVID-19 Cases
ADB calculations using data from Roser et al. (2020); and United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock: The 2019 Revision. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates19.asp (accessed May 2020).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Employment Distribution of Migrants by Level of Skills (%)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock: The 2019 Revision. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates19.asp (accessed May 2020).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
remittance inflows to Asia; remittance inflows to World
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed November 2020).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
ADB calculations using data from Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed November 2020).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Top 10 Remittance Recipients in Asia, 2019 ($ billion)
remittance inflows to top Asian recipient economies
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed November 2020).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
remittance inflows to Asian subregions; growth of remittance inflows per subregion
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed November 2020).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
remittance inflows as % of GDP in top Asian recipients
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed November 2020); International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October (accessed November 2020); and United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects 2019. https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/ (accessed April 2020).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
average monthly stringency index; monthly year-on-year growth in remittance inflows
Period:
Monthly (2020/2020)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Hale et. al (2020a); and the central banks of Armenia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Fiji, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Pakistan, the Philippines, Samoa, and Sri Lanka (all accessed in December 2020).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Financial Flows to Asia (% of total financial flows): By Type and Subregion, 2018
net FDI inflows; net portfolio equity inflows; remittance inflows; tourism receipts; ODA and net official aid
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed November 2020); World Bank. World Development Indicators Database. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed October 2020); UNWTO (2020); and International Monetary Fund (2019).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Financial Flows to Asia (% of total financial flows): Remittance Shares by Subregion (5-year moving average)
5-year moving average remittance inflows as % of total financial flows
Period:
Annual (2005/2018)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed November 2020); World Bank. World Development Indicators Database. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed October 2020); UNWTO (2020); and International Monetary Fund (2019).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Remittances and COVID-19—A Test of Resilience - Trend in Remittance Inflows
ADB calculations using data from Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD) staff estimates. Bilateral Remittance Matrix 2020 (May).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
ADB calculations using data from Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances (accessed December 2019); and KNOMAD staff estimates. Bilateral Remittance Matrix 2020 (May).
Author:
Kijin Kim / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
ADB calculations using data from CEIC; Government of Fiji, Bureau of Statistics. htttps://www.statsfiji.gov.fj (accessed October 2020); Government of the Lao PDR People’s Democratic Republic, Ministry of Information, Culture, and Tourism. International Tourist Arrivals January-March 2020. Unpublished; Government of Malaysia, Ministry of Tourism and Culture. Tourist Arrivals Data. http://mytourismdata.tourism.gov.my; Government of Palau. Visitor Arrivals. https://www.palaugov.pw/visitor-arrivals/; Government of the Republic of Korea, Tourism Organization. https://kto.visitkorea.or.kr; Government of Samoa, Samoa Tourism Board. http://www.samoatourism.org; Government of Singapore, Department of Statistics. https://www.tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg (all accessed October 2020); Government of Solomon Islands, Ministry of Finance and Treasury. Government (2020); Government of Vanuatu, Ministry of Finance and Economic Management, National Statistics Office (2019); Haver Analytics; and International Monetary Fund (2020b, 2020c, 2020d).
Author:
Matthias Helble / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Won Hee Cho / Senior Economics Research Associate, ADB
Outlook for Tourism Receipts in Selected Asian Economies (% of GDP)
Asian Development Bank calculations using data from Asian Development Bank (2020); CEIC; Haver Analytics; International Monetary Fund (2020b, 2020c); United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.unwto.org/ (accessed October 2020); and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed September 2020).
Author:
Matthias Helble / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Won Hee Cho / Senior Economics Research Associate, ADB
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.unwto.org/ (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Matthias Helble / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
number of intraregional visitor arrivals to Asia; number of extraregional visitor arrivals to Asia
Period:
Annual (2000/2018)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.unwto.org/ (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Matthias Helble / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
tourism expenditures by Asian subregions; tourism expenditures by selected Asian economies
Period:
Annual (2010/2018)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from World Bank. World Development Indicators Database. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worlddevelopment-indicators (accessed October 2020); and United Nations World Tourism Organization (2020f).
Author:
Matthias Helble / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
tourism expenditure per outbound tourist in Asian subregions; tourism expenditure per outbound tourism in selected Asian economies
Source:
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.untwo.org/ (accessed October 2020); United Nations World Tourism Organization (2020f); and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Matthias Helble / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
International Tourism Receipts by Major Geographic Region, 2018
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund (2019); United Nations World Tourism Organization (2020e, 2020f); and World Bank. World Development Indicators Database. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Matthias Helble / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Tourism Arrivals and Receipts in Asia by Subregion, 2018
intenational visitor arrivals in Asian subregions; international tourism receipts in Asian subregions
Source:
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund (2019); United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.untwo.org/ (accessed September 2020); UNWTO (2020e and 2020f); and World Bank. World Development Indicators Database. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Matthias Helble / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Contribution of Tourism to Employment and GDP in the Pacific
ADB calculations using data from South Pacific Tourism Organization (2019, 2020); and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Matthias Helble / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Cho, Won Hee / Senior Economics Research Associate, ADB
international tourism receipts per top Asian recipient
Source:
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weodatabase/2020/October (accessed November 2020); International Monetary Fund (2019); UNWTO (2020f); and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Matthias Helble / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
international tourism receipts per visitor arrival in Asian subregions
Source:
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund (2019); United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.untwo.org/ (accessed September 2020); UNWTO (2020e, 2020f); and World Bank. World Development Indicators Database. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Matthias Helble / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
1: Scenario Analysis of Domestic Replacing Foreign Tourists, Based on Number of Tourists (%)
Government of Australia, Department of Home Affairs. https://covid19.homeaffairs.gov.au; Government of Brunei Darussalam, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.mfa.gov.bn/Shared%20Documents/Annex.pdf; Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. http://www.cambodianembassy.jp/web2/; Government of Indonesia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. https://kemlu.go.id/singapore/id; Government of Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. https://www.mofa.go.jp; Government of the Lao PDR, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.mofa.gov.la; Government of Malaysia, Immigration Department of Malaysia. https://www.imi.gov.my/; Government of New Zealand, Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. https://www.immigration.govt.nz/; Government of the People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/; Government of the Republic of Korea, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/ and http://overseas.mofa.go.kr/sg-en/index.do; Government of Singapore, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. https://safetravel.ica.gov.sg; Government of Thailand, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://site.thaiembassy.jp/en/; and Government of Viet Nam, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. https://vnembassy-jp.org/en/ (all accessed November 2020).
Author:
Matthias Helble / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Won Hee Cho / Senior Economics Research Associate, ADB
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Hyeon-Seung Huh / Professor, Yonsei University; Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
Proposed New Dimensions in the ARCII Enhanced Framework
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Hyeon-Seung Huh / Professor, Yonsei University; Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
Proposed New Indicators for Existing Dimensions in the ARCII Enhanced Framework
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Hyeon-Seung Huh / Professor, Yonsei University; Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
Dimensions and Indicators under the Proposed Enhanced ARCII Framework
dimensions and indicators under the proposed enhanced ARCII framework
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Source:
Asian Development Bank.
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Hyeon-Seung Huh / Professor, Yonsei University; Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
Research Outputs with Intraregional Collaboration (% of total international collaboration): By Region
ADB calculations using data from World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). WIPO Statistics Database. https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/ (accessed May 2020).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
Intraregional Patent Applications (% of total patent applications made with all foreign residents): By Asian Subregion
ADB calculations using data from World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). WIPO Statistics Database. https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/ (accessed May 2020).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
Intraregional Patent Applications (% of total patent applications made with all foreign residents): By Select Asian Subregional Programs
ADB calculations using data from World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). WIPO Statistics Database. https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/ (accessed May 2020).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
Number of Intraregional Patent Applications in Selected Asian Economies (’000)
ADB calculations using data from World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). WIPO Statistics Database. https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/ (accessed May 2020).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. ICT goods categories and composition. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/en/Classifications/DimHS2017Products_Ict_Hierarchy.pdf (accessed June 2020).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
Intraregional ICT Goods Exports and Imports (% of total exports or imports): By Asian Subregion
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. ICT goods categories and composition. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/en/Classifications/DimHS2017Products_Ict_Hierarchy.pdf (accessed June 2020).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
Intraregional ICT Goods Exports and Imports (% of total exports or imports): By Selected Asian Subregional Programs
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. ICT goods categories and composition. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/en/Classifications/DimHS2017Products_Ict_Hierarchy.pdf (accessed June 2020).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
Results for Global Moran’s I Statistic for the ARCII and Dimensional Subindexes
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Racquel Claveria / RCI Index Specialist, ADB; Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Racquel Claveria / RCI Index Specialist, ADB; Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Racquel Claveria / RCI Index Specialist, ADB; Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Racquel Claveria / RCI Index Specialist, ADB; Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Racquel Claveria / RCI Index Specialist, ADB; Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Racquel Claveria / RCI Index Specialist, ADB; Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Racquel Claveria / RCI Index Specialist, ADB; Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
ADB. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2020).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Racquel Claveria / RCI Index Specialist, ADB; Clarisa Joy Flaminiano / Project Analyst, ADB; Lovely Ann Tolin / Project Analyst, ADB
ADB calculations using data from ADB (2020a); CEIC; International Monetary Fund. http://data.imf.org; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. http://databank.worldbank.org/ (all accessed June 2020).
Author:
Saad Abdullah Paracha, CAREC Unit Head, Central and West Asia Department (CWRD), Asian Development Bank (ADB); Xinglan Hu, Principal Regional Cooperation Specialist, CWRD; and Ronaldo Oblepias, CAREC Consultant, CWRD, ADB.
CAREC Investments by Funding Source, as of 30 September 2020 ($ billion)
Saad Abdullah Paracha, CAREC Unit Head, Central and West Asia Department (CWRD), Asian Development Bank (ADB); Xinglan Hu, Principal Regional Cooperation Specialist, CWRD; and Ronaldo Oblepias, CAREC Consultant, CWRD, ADB.
ADB Support for CAREC Countries in Response to COVID-19 Loans and Grants Committed as of 31 December 2020
Saad Abdullah Paracha, CAREC Unit Head, Central and West Asia Department (CWRD), Asian Development Bank (ADB); Xinglan Hu, Principal Regional Cooperation Specialist, CWRD; and Ronaldo Oblepias, CAREC Consultant, CWRD, ADB.
CEIC; Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). GMS Statistics Database. www.greatermekong/statistics; International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook April 2020 Database. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/01/weodata/index.aspx; and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2019. https://unctad.org/Sections/dite_dir/docs/WIR2019/WIR19_tab01.xlsx (all accessed August 2020).
Author:
GMS Secretariat, Southeast Asia Department, ADB.
SASEC Investment, Cumulative by Sector and Volume, 2001–2019 ($ million)
Ronald Antonio Q. Butiong, Chief of Regional Cooperation and Integration Thematic Group, Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department (formerly Director, Regional Cooperation and Operations Coordination Division [SARC] of ADB’s South Asia Departm
ADB (2020a, 2020b); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Direction of Trade Statistics. https://www.imf.org; IMF. World Economic Outlook October 2020 Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October; and World Bank. Data. Population Total. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL (all accessed November 2020).
Author:
Ronald Antonio Q. Butiong, Chief of Regional Cooperation and Integration Thematic Group, Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department (formerly Director, Regional Cooperation and Operations Coordination Division [SARC] of ADB’s South Asia Departm
Ronald Antonio Q. Butiong, Chief of Regional Cooperation and Integration Thematic Group, Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department (formerly Director, Regional Cooperation and Operations Coordination Division [SARC] of ADB’s South Asia Departm
SASEC Investment by Sector, Volume, and Financier 2001–2019 ($ million)
Ronald Antonio Q. Butiong, Chief of Regional Cooperation and Integration Thematic Group, Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department (formerly Director, Regional Cooperation and Operations Coordination Division [SARC] of ADB’s South Asia Departm
Routine Immunization Coverage (% of children, 2000–2018)
United Nations International Children’s Fund. Vaccine and Immunization Statistics. Immunization coverage by antigen (country, regional and global trends) https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/immunization (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Cara Tinio, Associate Economics Officer; Rommel Rabanal, Public Sector Economist; Inez Mikkelsen-Lopez, Health Specialist; and Ki-Fung Lam, Young Professional of ADB’s Pacific Department
Composition of Domestic Health Expenditure (% of current expenditure, average for 2000–2017)
World Bank. Health Nutrition and Population Statistics July 2020. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/health-nutrition-and-population-statistics (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Cara Tinio, Associate Economics Officer; Rommel Rabanal, Public Sector Economist; Inez Mikkelsen-Lopez, Health Specialist; and Ki-Fung Lam, Young Professional of ADB’s Pacific Department
ADB calculations using data from Statista (2020a, 2020b); and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, World Trade Organization, and International Monetary Fund (2019).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
ADB calculations using data from Statista (2020a, 2020b) and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worlddevelopment-indicators (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
ADB calculations using data from Statista (2020a, 2020b) and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worlddevelopment-indicators (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
ADB calculations using data from Statista (2020a, 2020b) and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worlddevelopment-indicators (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Size of the Digital Sector in Asia and the World, 2021–2025 ($ trillion)
ADB calculations using data from the Government of the People’s Republic of China, National Bureau of Statistics. https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/?cn=A01 (accessed July 2020); and Rakuten Insight (2020). In Statista—The Statistics Portal. http://statista.com (accessed August 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
COVID-19-Related Changes in Asian Consumer Behavior and Retail Sales in the PRC: Retail Sales in the PRC
ADB calculations using data from the Government of the People’s Republic of China, National Bureau of Statistics. https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/?cn=A01 (accessed July 2020); and Rakuten Insight (2020). In Statista—The Statistics Portal. http://statista.com (accessed August 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Adjustments of B2B Companies during COVID-19 (% of respondents)
Huang (2020) using Bank for International Settlements. The Red Book Statistics for CPMI Countries. https://www.bis.org/statistics/payment_stats.htm (accessed June 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Relative Importance by Noncash Payment Instrument (average share in total cashless payments volume, %): Developed Economies
Huang (2020) using Bank for International Settlements. The Red Book Statistics for CPMI Countries. https://www.bis.org/statistics/payment_stats.htm (accessed June 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Trends in Mobile Money Transaction Volume and Value: Mobile Money Transaction Volume by Region (billion)
ADB calculations using data from Statista (2020a, 2020b) and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worlddevelopment-indicators (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Bilateral E-commerce Indicators and Consumer Goods Trade—Asia
Jacildo (2020) using data from Centre d’Etudes Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales (the French Research Center in International Economics). Geography Database. http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/cepii/cepii.asp (accessed April 2020); Euromonitor International. Retailing Industry Edition 2019; and Statista (2020a, 2020b).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Customs Administration Challenges Related to Cross-Border E-commerce
Kässi and Lehdonvirta (2018); and Oxford Internet Institute. The Online Labour Index Database. https://ilabour.oii.ox.ac.uk/online-labour-index (accessed May 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Distribution of Online Work by Employer, Location, and Occupation (% of total): Top 15 Economies by Employer
Kässi and Lehdonvirta (2018); and Oxford Internet Institute. The Online Labour Index Database. https://ilabour.oii.ox.ac.uk/online-labour-index (accessed May 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Distribution of Online Work by Employer, Location, and Occupation (% of total): Distribution by Occupation
Kässi and Lehdonvirta (2018); and Oxford Internet Institute. The Online Labour Index Database. https://ilabour.oii.ox.ac.uk/online-labour-index (accessed May 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Distribution of Online Work by Employer, Location, and Occupation (% of total): Top 15 Economies by Occupation
Kässi and Lehdonvirta (2018); and Oxford Internet Institute. The Online Labour Index Database. https://ilabour.oii.ox.ac.uk/online-labour-index (accessed May 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Labor Oversupply in One Major Platform (number of workers)
Crunchbase Database. https://www.crunchbase.com; DBS Group Research. 2019. Number of Active Drivers of Asia Pacific Ride-Sharing Companies as of 2019 (in millions). 27 May. In Statista—The Statistics Portal. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1034777/apac-number-of-active-drivers-of-ride-sharing-companies/; Didi. About Us—More Than a Journey: The World’s Leading Transportation Platform. https://www.didiglobal.com/about-didi/about-us; and Uber. Company Info: Facts and Figures as of December 2018. https://www.uber.com/en-PH/newsroom/cUberompany-info/ (all accessed August 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
International Telecommunication Unit (ITU). Country ICT Data. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx; and ITU. ICT Eye Database. https://www.itu.int/net4/ITU-D/icteye/#/ (both accessed June 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Proportion of Households with Internet Access at Home (%)
Scope:
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Cambodia
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Philippines
Singapore
United States
Viet Nam
Source:
International Telecommunication Unit (ITU). Country ICT Data. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx; and ITU. ICT Eye Database. https://www.itu.int/net4/ITU-D/icteye/#/ (both accessed June 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
World Economic Forum. The Global Competitiveness Index 2017-2018 Database. https://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-index-2017-2018/downloads/ (accessed August 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Electronic Health Records Adoption versus Internet Penetration
Avendaño and Rosenkranz (2020) using OECD. International Tax Co-operation: Key Indicators and Outcomes Database. https://www.oecd.org/tax/international-tax-co-operation-map.htm (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Compliance to Exchange of Information Standards in Developing Asia: Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI)
Avendaño and Rosenkranz (2020) using OECD. International Tax Co-operation: Key Indicators and Outcomes Database. https://www.oecd.org/tax/international-tax-co-operation-map.htm (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Progress in Selected Asian Economies in Solving Challenges of the Digital Economy (BEPS Action 1)
ADB calculations using data from International Telecommunication Union. ICT Eye Database. https://www.itu.int/net4/ITU-D/icteye/#/ (accessed April 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
China Internet Network Information Center (2020). In Statista—The Statistics Portal. https://www.statista.com/statistics/265148/percentage-of-internet-usersin- china-by-gender/ (accessed May 2020);
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Indicators of ICT Access in Selected Asian Economies, by Gender: Monthly Internet Penetration Rate in the Philippines (2006–2019)
SWS (2019). In Statista—The Statistics Portal. https://statista.com/statistics/1104737/philippines-monthly-internet-user-penetration-rate-by-gender/ (accessed May 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Indicators of ICT Access in Selected Asian Economies, by Gender: Percentage of Vietnamese Who Use the Internet for Personal Purposes (2017)
Quimba, Rosellon, and Calizo Jr. (2020) using data from International Telecommunication Union. World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2020 Database. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Selected Material Access Indicators, by Income Groups: Mobile Cellular Telephone Subscriptions per 100 Inhabitants
Mobile Cellular Telephone Subscriptions per 100 Inhabitants
Scope:
Developed Economies
Developing Economies
Least Developed Economies
World
Period:
Annual (2005/2017)
Source:
Quimba, Rosellon, and Calizo Jr. (2020) using data from International Telecommunication Union. World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2020 Database. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Selected Material Access Indicators, by Income Groups: Population Covered by at Least a 3G Mobile Network, per 100 Inhabitants
Population Covered by at Least a 3G Mobile Network
per 100 Inhabitants
Scope:
Developed Economies
Developing Economies
Least Developed Economies
World
Period:
Annual (2015/2019)
Source:
Quimba, Rosellon, and Calizo Jr. (2020) using data from International Telecommunication Union. World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2020 Database. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Selected Material Access Indicators, by Income Groups: Population Covered by at Least an LTE/WiMAX Mobile Network, per 100 Inhabitants
Population Covered by at Least an LTE/WiMAX Mobile Network
per 100 Inhabitants
Scope:
Developed Economies
Developing Economies
Least Developed Economies
World
Period:
Annual (2015/2019)
Source:
Quimba, Rosellon, and Calizo Jr. (2020) using data from International Telecommunication Union. World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2020 Database. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Selected Material Access Indicators, by Region: Percentage of Individuals Using the Internet
Quimba, Rosellon, and Calizo Jr. (2020) using data from International Telecommunication Union. World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2020 Database. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Selected Material Access Indicators, by Region: Mobile Cellular Telephone Subscriptions per 100 Inhabitants
Mobile Cellular Telephone Subscriptions per 100 Inhabitants
Scope:
Africa
Arab States
Asia and the Pacific
Commonwealth of Independent States
Europe
Latin America and Caribbean
Period:
Annual (2005/2017)
Source:
Quimba, Rosellon, and Calizo Jr. (2020) using data from International Telecommunication Union. World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2020 Database. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Selected Material Access Indicators, by Region: Percentage of Population Covered by at Least a 3G Mobile Network
Population Covered by at Least a 3G Mobile Network
per 100 Inhabitants
Scope:
Africa
Arab States
Asia and the Pacific
Commonwealth of Independent States
Europe
Latin America and Caribbean
Period:
Annual (2015/2019)
Source:
Quimba, Rosellon, and Calizo Jr. (2020) using data from International Telecommunication Union. World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2020 Database. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Selected Material Access Indicators, by Region: Percentage of Population Covered by at Least an LTE/WiMAX Mobile Network
Population Covered by at Least an LTE/WiMAX Mobile Network
per 100 Inhabitants
Scope:
Africa
Arab States
Asia and the Pacific
Commonwealth of Independent States
Europe
Latin America and Caribbean
Period:
Annual (2015/2019)
Source:
Quimba, Rosellon, and Calizo Jr. (2020) using data from International Telecommunication Union. World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2020 Database. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx (accessed July 2020).
Author:
Villafuerte, James / Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Jacildo, Ryan / Economist, ADB; Salvanera, Arjan Paulo / Economic Analyst, ADB
Educational Level of Crowdworkers, by Platform (%)
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2019); and methodology from C. Y. Park and R. Claveria. 2018. Constructing the Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: A Panel Approach. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 544. Manila: Asian Development Bank (ADB); H. Huh and C. Y. Park. 2018. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. Journal of Asian Economics. 54. pp. 22–38; and H. Huh and C. Y. Park. 2017. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 511. Manila: ADB.
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index—Asia Subregions and Subregional Initiatives
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2019); and methodology from C. Y. Park and R. Claveria. 2018. Constructing the Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: A Panel Approach. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 544. Manila: Asian Development Bank (ADB); H. Huh and C. Y. Park. 2018. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. Journal of Asian Economics. 54. pp. 22–38; and H. Huh and C. Y. Park. 2017. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 511. Manila: ADB.
Regional Integration Index—Asia versus Other Regions
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed October 2019); and methodology from C. Y. Park and R. Claveria. 2018. Constructing the Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: A Panel Approach. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 544. Manila: Asian Development Bank (ADB); H. Huh and C. Y. Park. 2018. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. Journal of Asian Economics. 54. pp. 22–38; and H. Huh and C. Y. Park. 2017. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 511. Manila: ADB.
Regional Integration Indicators — Asia (% of total)
ADB calculations using data from Association of Southeast Asian Nations Secretariat. ASEANstats Database. https://www.aseanstats.org (accessed July 2020); CEIC; Eurostat. Balance of Payments. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/balance-of-payments/data/database (accessed June 2020); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. http://cpis.imf.org (accessed September 2020); IMF. Direction of Trade Statistics. http://data.imf.org/dot (accessed December 2020); United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2019. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/index.shtml (accessed May 2020); United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2020 Statistical Annex Tables. http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/World%20Investment%20Report/Annex-Tables.aspx (accessed June 2020); United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.unwto.org (accessed October 2020); and World Bank. Global Knowledge Partnership for Migration and Development. Bilateral Remittance Estimates May 2020.
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. http://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2020).
Cross-Border Debt Holdings—Asia, 2019 (% of total cross-border debt holdings)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. http://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2020).
Foreign Direct Investment Inflow Share—Asia, 2019 (% of total FDI inflows)
ADB calculations using data from Association of Southeast Asian Nations Secretariat. ASEANstats Database. https://www.aseanstats.org (accessed July 2020); CEIC; Eurostat. Balance of Payments.https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database; and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2020 Statistical Annex Tables. http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DIAE/World%20Investment%20Report/Annex-Tables.aspx (both accessed June 2020).
Remittance Inflows Share—Asia, 2019 (% of total remittance inflows)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2019. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/index.shtml (accessed May 2020).
Inbound Tourism Share—Asia, 2018 (% of total inbound visitors)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.unwto.org (accessed October 2020).
Outbound Tourism Share—Asia, 2018 (% of total outbound visitors)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.unwto.org (accessed October 2020).