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Macroeconomic Indicators
Regional Cooperation and Integration database:

2021 AEIR Data Catalogue

A compilation of all figures and tables from the Asian Economic Integration Reports. Download data in CSV or follow links to view specific figure or table from the report.


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    Managing Globalization and Regional Integration Post-COVID-19
    Trade and the Global Value Chains
    Cross-Border Investment
    Financial Integration
    Movement of People
    Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index
    Updates on Subregional Cooperation Initiatives
    Theme Chapter: Making Digital Platforms Work for Asia and the Pacific
    Statistical Appendix
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Global COVID-19 Confirmed Cases, By Region (million)
Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Stringency Index—Asia, 2020
Intraregional Trade Value Growth—Asia (%, y-o-y)
Foreign Direct Investments—Selected Economies
Nonresident Portfolio Flows—Emerging Asia ($ billion)
Growth in Tourist and Visitor Arrivals—Selected Economies (%, y-o-y)
Remittances to Selected Countries in Asia, January-November 2020 (% change)
Economic Growth Forecasts for 2020 (%)
Change in Poverty Headcount and Trade Openness (% points)
Trade in Services Growth—Developing Asia (%, y-o-y)
G20 Action Plan in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Areas of Subregional Cooperation Efforts to Promote Recovery Post-COVID-19
Monthly Trade, by Value and Volume—Asia
Monthly Trade Volume Growth—NIEs, PRC, and Selected ASEAN (%, y-o-y, 3-month moving average)
Global Business Confidence and Asia’s Trade Volume Growth
Global Trade—Weekly Indicators (Z-scores)
Number of Port Calls by Region
Merchandise Trade Volume and Real GDP Growth—Asia and World (%, year-on-year)
Trade Value—Asia and World
Intraregional Trade Shares—Asia, European Union, and North America (%)
Intraregional Trade Shares by Asian Subregions (%)
GVC and RVC Participation Rates (%)
RVC-GVC Intensity—Asia, European Union, and North America
RVC-GVC Trade Intensity, by Major Sector—Asia
Overall RVC and GVC Participation—Selected Asian Economies
Complex RVC and GVC Participation—Selected Asian Economies
Backward Global Value Chain Linkages
Forward Global Value Chain Linkages
Impact of Reshoring on Exports (%)
Impact of Reshoring on Imports (%)
Impact of Reshoring on Total Trade (%)
Number of Newly Effective Free Trade Agreements—Asia
Regional Trade Groupings Involving ASEAN+3
Potential Benefits of Regional Trade Agreements—Real Income Increases in 2030 ($ billion)
Number of Nontariff Measures Imposed on Asia
Number of COVID-19-Related Measures Imposed by Asia, by Effect on Trade (as of 24 August 2020)
Number of COVID-19-Related Measures Imposed by Non-Asian Economies, by Effect on Trade (as of 24 August 2020)
2020 Timeline of COVID-19-Related Trade Measures, by Effect on Trade (as of 24 August 2020)
Products Affected by COVID-19-Related Trade Measures, by Effect on Trade (as of 24 August 2020)
Type of Measures Imposed, by Effect on Trade (as of 24 August 2020)
Type of Measures Imposed by Asia, by Product Group and Effect on Trade (as of August 2020)
Type of Measures Imposed by Non-Asia, by Product Group and Effect on Trade (as of August 2020)
Types of Provisions on Quantitative Restrictions in Asian FTAs (%)
Evolution of Provisions on Quantitative Restrictions in Asian FTAs
Evolution of Provisions on Quantitative Restrictions in Asian FTAs, by Region
World Market Shares in ITA Products by Type of Accession (%)
Analytical Framework of GVC and RVC
Direct Impact of Diversification to Backward Linkages
Direct and Indirect Impact of Diversification to Backward Linkages
Impact to Top Source
Impact to Top 2 Source
Impact to Top 3 Source
Impact to the Rest of the World
Impact of Diversification on Backward Linkages (%)
Direct Impact of Diversification to Forward Linkages
Direct and Indirect Impact of Diversification to Forward Linkages
Impact to Top Destination
Spillover of Impact to Top Destination
Impact to Top 2 Destination
Spillover of Impact to Top 2 Destination
Impact to Top 3 Destination
Spillover of Impact to Top 3 Destination
Impact of Diversification on Forward Linkages (%)
Global Inward Foreign Direct Investment, by Destination ($ trillion)
Global Inward FDI, First Quarter Estimates, 2003–2020—Greenfield and M&As ($ billion)
Asian Inward FDI, First Quarter Estimates, 2003–2020—Greenfield and M&As ($ billion)
Global Outward FDI, First Quarter Estimates, 2003–2020—Greenfield and M&As ($ billion)
Asian Outward FDI, First Quarter Estimates, 2003–2020—Greenfield and M&As ($ billion)
Global Inward Investment by Destination Region, Q1 to Q3 2020—Greenfield FDI and M&As ($ billion)
Asian Inward Investment by Destination Region, Q1 to Q3 2020—Greenfield FDI and M&As ($ billion)
FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index versus FDI—World
FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index versus FDI—Asia and Non-Asia
FDI Screening Criteria—Select Economies
Number of Enforced Asian BITs and Regional Distribution, by Year
Trends in Investor-State Disputes in Asia
Description of New BIT Provisions in ADB Database
Average Score for BIT Provisions in Asia’s Bilateral Investment Treaties
BIT Provisions for Intraregional (Asia-Asia) and Extraregional (Asia-ROW) Agreements
Average BIT Provisions by Year of Signature or Enforcement
Liberalization Quality Indicator
Antidiscrimination Indicator
M&A and Greenfield Variables, and BIT Provisions
M&A and Greenfield (Number of Deals/Projects), by BIT Family and Sector
International Investment Agreements and Types of COVID-19 Measures
Recommendations for Improving BIT Provisions in the Post-COVID-19
BIT Provisions by Category
Liberalization and Antidiscrimination Indicators in Asia GDP per Capita
Liberalization and Antidiscrimination Indicators in Asia FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index
Liberalization and Antidiscrimination Indicators in Asia World Governance Indicator (Regulatory Quality)
Volatility Index
Credit Default Swaps—Selected Asian Economies (spreads index, 2 January 2020 = 100)
LIBOR-OIS Spread—Global Financial Crisis versus COVID-19 (basis points)
Cross-Currency Basis Swap Spread against the United States Dollar (basis points)
Financial Stress Index—Euro Area, the United States, and the United Kingdom
Financial Stress Index—Selected Asian Economies
Stock Price Index—Selected Asian Economies (2 January 2020 = 100)
Comparison of Equity Market Slump—Selected Economies
Nonresident Portfolio Flows—Selected Asian Economies ($ billion)
Nonresident Capital Flows—Selected Asian Economies ($ billion)
Exchange Rate, $/LCU—Selected Asian Currencies (2 January 2020 = 100)
Policy Rate Cuts—Selected Asian Economies
Variance Decomposition—Equity Returns
Variance Decomposition—Bond Returns
Cross-Border Assets—Asia
Cross-Border Liabilities—Asia
Conditional Marginal Effects of CBOE VIX with 95% CIs
Currency Composition of Asia’s International Investment Positions (%)
Currency Shares of Asia’s International Investment Assets and Liabilities (share of total)
Currency Composition of Asia’s International Equity Investments (%)
Currency Composition of Asia’s International Debt Investments (%)
Asia’s Trade with the United States and US Dollar Invoicing (%)
United States Dollar and Other Currency Trade Invoicing (%)
Currency Shares of Asia’s Trade Invoice (%)
Sectoral Debt, 2010 versus 2020*—Asia (% of GDP)
Corporate Financing—Emerging Asia (% of GDP)
Development of NPLs, 2015 versus 2019—Selected Asian Economies (NPL ratio, %)
Impact of Nonperforming Loans on Banking Outflows from Emerging Market Economies (LBS total cross-border foreign claims)
US Dollar Cross-Border Bank Holdings by Non-US Banks ($ trillion)
Gross Cross-Border Bank Claims and Liabilities—Asia ($ trillion)
Determinants of the Cross-Currency Basis Swap and Effect on Nonresident Capital Outflows
International Portfolio Assets—Asia
Change in International Portfolio Assets—Asia ($ billion)
International Portfolio Liabilities—Asia
Change in International Portfolio Liabilities—Asia ($ billion)
Intraregional Portfolio Debt Investment—Asia, by Subregion
Intraregional Portfolio Equity Investment—Asia, by Subregion
Cross-Border Bank Holdings—Asia
Change in Cross-Border Bank Holdings—Asia ($ billion)
International Migrant Stock and Share of Migrants from Asia
Top 10 Sources of Migrants, 2019—Asia (million)
Mobility Restrictions during the COVID-19 Pandemic—2020 Oxford Government Stringency Index
Number of Return Migrants during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Migration to and from Asia, by Region (million)
Asian Outmigrants by Subregion and Their Regional Destination, 2019 (number of international migrants)
Top 10 Economies Hosting Migrants from Asia and COVID-19 Cases
Employment Distribution of Migrants by Level of Skills (%)
Migration from Asia by Subregion (% of total outmigrants)
Remittance Inflows to Asia and the World
Remittance Inflows by Recipient Region
Top 10 Remittance Recipients in Asia, 2019 ($ billion)
Remittance Inflows to Asian Subregions and Growth
Top 10 Remittance Recipients in Asia, 2019
Stringency Measures and Remittance Growth, 2020
Financial Flows to Asia (% of total financial flows): By Type and Subregion, 2018
Financial Flows to Asia (% of total financial flows): Remittance Shares by Subregion (5-year moving average)
Remittances and COVID-19—A Test of Resilience - Trend in Remittance Inflows
Remittances and COVID-19—A Test of Resilience - Remittance Inflows Growth (%)
Intraregional and Extraregional Remittance Flows to Asia ($ million)
Subregional Remittance Sources in Asia (%)
International Travel Restrictions, 2020
Monthly International Tourist Arrivals by Subregion (January 2019 = 100)
Outlook for Tourism Receipts in Selected Asian Economies (% of GDP)
Global Visitor Arrivals by Region of Destination
Visitors to Asia (million)
Tourism Expenditure by Asian Economies
Tourism Expenditure per Outbound Tourist ($’000)
International Tourism Receipts by Major Geographic Region, 2018
Tourism Arrivals and Receipts in Asia by Subregion, 2018
Contribution of Tourism to Employment and GDP in the Pacific
Top 10 Recipients of Tourism Receipts, 2018
Tourism Receipts per Arrival
1: Scenario Analysis of Domestic Replacing Foreign Tourists, Based on Number of Tourists (%)
2: Scenario Analysis of Tourism Bubble with Largest Partner, Based on Number of Tourists (%)
Travel Bubbles in Asia
Overall ARCII and Dimensional Indexes—Asia
Dimensional Contribution to the ARCII
Overall ARCII—Asia Subregions: Subregional ARCII
Overall ARCII—Asia Subregions: Dimensional Indexes by Subregions, 2018
Dimensional Subindexes by Subregional Cooperation Initiatives, 2018
Regional Integration Index, 2018—Asia versus Other Regions: Overall Index, Asia vs. Other Regions
Regional Integration Index, 2018—Asia versus Other Regions: Subdimensional Indexes, by Region
Eurasia Integration Index, based on ARCII Methodology
Proposed ARCII Enhanced Framework
Proposed New Dimensions in the ARCII Enhanced Framework
Proposed New Indicators for Existing Dimensions in the ARCII Enhanced Framework
Dimensions and Indicators under the Proposed Enhanced ARCII Framework
Research Outputs with Intraregional Collaboration (% of total international collaboration): By Region
Research Outputs with Intraregional Collaboration (% of total international collaboration): By Asian Subregion
Research Outputs with Intraregional Collaboration (% of total international collaboration): By Selected Asian Subregional Programs
Number of Intraregional Research Outputs in Asia
Intraregional Patent Applications (% of total patent applications made with all foreign residents): By Region
Intraregional Patent Applications (% of total patent applications made with all foreign residents): By Asian Subregion
Intraregional Patent Applications (% of total patent applications made with all foreign residents): By Select Asian Subregional Programs
Number of Intraregional Patent Applications in Selected Asian Economies (’000)
Internet Penetration (% of population): By Region
Internet Penetration (% of population: By Asian Subregions
Internet Penetration (% of population): By Select Asian Subregional Programs
Internet Penetration for Select Asian Economies (% of population)
International Internet Bandwidth by Regional Routes
Intraregional Internet Bandwidth (% of total internet bandwidth traffic): By Region
Intraregional Internet Bandwidth (% of total internet bandwidth traffic): By Asian Subregions
Intraregional Internet Bandwidth (% of total internet bandwidth traffic): By Select Asian Subregional Programs
International Internet Bandwidth Traffic for Selected Asian Economies (Mbps)
Intraregional ICT Goods Exports and Imports (% of total exports or imports): By Region
Intraregional ICT Goods Exports and Imports (% of total exports or imports): By Asian Subregion
Intraregional ICT Goods Exports and Imports (% of total exports or imports): By Selected Asian Subregional Programs
Results for Global Moran’s I Statistic for the ARCII and Dimensional Subindexes
Spatial Distribution of the ARCII, 2018
Spatial Distribution of ARCII Dimensions, 2018
Spatial Distribution of ARCII Dimensions, 2018
Spatial Distribution of ARCII Dimensions, 2018
Spatial Distribution of ARCII Dimensions, 2018
Spatial Distribution of ARCII Dimensions, 2018
Spatial Distribution of ARCII Dimensions, 2018
Selected Economic Indicators, 2019—CAREC
CAREC Investments by Funding Source, as of 30 September 2020 ($ billion)
CAREC Investments by Sector, as of 30 September 2020 ($ billion)
ADB Support for CAREC Countries in Response to COVID-19 Loans and Grants Committed as of 31 December 2020
Selected Economic Indicators, 2019—Greater Mekong Subregion
SASEC Investment, Cumulative by Sector and Volume, 2001–2019 ($ million)
Selected Economic Indicators, 2019—SASEC
SASEC Projects by Sector, as of 2019
SASEC Investment by Sector, Volume, and Financier 2001–2019 ($ million)
Routine Immunization Coverage (% of children, 2000–2018)
Composition of Domestic Health Expenditure (% of current expenditure, average for 2000–2017)
Three Dimensions of Digital Transactions
Various Senses of the Platform Economy
Selected Definitions of the Digital Platform
Examples of Platform Typologies
Technologies Shaping the Digital Platform
Digital Platform Revenues—World and Asia, 2019 ($)
Digital Revenue by Region, 2019 ($ million)
Growth of Digital Revenue, 2019 (% by sector)
Digital Revenue, 2019 (% share of region in segment)
Digital Revenue in Asia, 2019 (% by Sector)
Digital Market Users, 2019 (million)
Total Users in 2019 and Growth Rate in 2018–2019
Digital Revenue by Asian Subregion, 2019 ($ billion)
Size of the Digital Sector in Asia and the World, 2021–2025 ($ trillion)
GDP Impact from Greater Usage of Digital Inputs, 2021–2025
Total Trade and Employment Impact from Greater Usage of Digital Inputs: Total Trade ($ trillion)
Total Trade and Employment Impact from Greater Usage of Digital Inputs: Total Employment (million)
Investment Requirement, 2021–2025 ($ trillion)
COVID-19-Related Changes in Asian Consumer Behavior and Retail Sales in the PRC: Online Purchase Behavior Net Change in May 2020
COVID-19-Related Changes in Asian Consumer Behavior and Retail Sales in the PRC: Retail Sales in the PRC
Adjustments of B2B Companies during COVID-19 (% of respondents)
Relative Importance by Noncash Payment Instrument (average share in total cashless payments volume, %): Emerging Economies
Relative Importance by Noncash Payment Instrument (average share in total cashless payments volume, %): Developed Economies
Trends in Mobile Money Transaction Volume and Value: Mobile Money Transaction Volume by Region (billion)
Trends in Mobile Money Transaction Volume and Value: Mobile Money Transaction Value by Region (billion)
FinTech Payment and E-commerce: Case of the PRC
Payment Methods for Domestic Remittances Transfers (%)
E-commerce and Cross-Border Trade Linkages
E-commerce Platform Revenues, 2017–2018 (% of GDP)
Bilateral E-commerce Indicators and Consumer Goods Trade—Asia
Customs Administration Challenges Related to Cross-Border E-commerce
Major Global OTAs and Travel Metasearch Companies
Impact Scenarios of COVID-19 on Asian Tourism
Economic Activities and Terminology in Labor Platforms
Distribution of Online Work by Employer, Location, and Occupation (% of total): Distribution by Employer, Regional
Distribution of Online Work by Employer, Location, and Occupation (% of total): Top 15 Economies by Employer
Distribution of Online Work by Employer, Location, and Occupation (% of total): Distribution by Occupation
Distribution of Online Work by Employer, Location, and Occupation (% of total): Top 15 Economies by Occupation
Labor Oversupply in One Major Platform (number of workers)
Delivery and Transport Services Online Platforms
Access to Connectivity
Connectivity for Home Learning
Internet Access in Schools
Electronic Health Records Adoption versus Internet Penetration
Cash Transfer Measures Related to COVID-19 Pandemic
Expenditure on Social Protection in 24 Asian Economies, 2015 (% of GDP)
Tax-to-GDP Ratios in Asian Economies, 2018 (%)
Share of Respondents Who Expect to Shop Online More Frequently Post-COVID-19 (%)
Compliance to Exchange of Information Standards in Developing Asia: Exchange of Information on Request (EOIR)
Compliance to Exchange of Information Standards in Developing Asia: Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI)
Progress in Selected Asian Economies in Solving Challenges of the Digital Economy (BEPS Action 1)
Share of Population Using the Internet (%)
Digital Platform Penetration Index, 2019
Factors Anchoring Diffusion of Digital Platform Participation—Asia
Awareness and Understanding of the Internet among Nonusers (2014–2015, % of non-internet users)
Internet User Gender Gap (%)
Indicators of ICT Access in Selected Asian Economies, by Gender: Computer Literacy Rate and Digital Literacy Rate in Sri Lanka (2018)
Indicators of ICT Access in Selected Asian Economies, by Gender: Internet Users in India (2019)
Indicators of ICT Access in Selected Asian Economies, by Gender: Gender Distribution of Internet Users in the PRC (2014–2020)
Indicators of ICT Access in Selected Asian Economies, by Gender: Monthly Internet Penetration Rate in the Philippines (2006–2019)
Indicators of ICT Access in Selected Asian Economies, by Gender: Percentage of Vietnamese Who Use the Internet for Personal Purposes (2017)
Indicators of ICT Access in Selected Asian Economies, by Gender: Methods by Which Households in Taipei,China Access the Internet (August 2019)
Selected Material Access Indicators, by Income Groups: Percentage of Individuals Using the Internet
Selected Material Access Indicators, by Income Groups: Mobile Cellular Telephone Subscriptions per 100 Inhabitants
Selected Material Access Indicators, by Income Groups: Population Covered by at Least a 3G Mobile Network, per 100 Inhabitants
Selected Material Access Indicators, by Income Groups: Population Covered by at Least an LTE/WiMAX Mobile Network, per 100 Inhabitants
Selected Material Access Indicators, by Region: Percentage of Individuals Using the Internet
Selected Material Access Indicators, by Region: Mobile Cellular Telephone Subscriptions per 100 Inhabitants
Selected Material Access Indicators, by Region: Percentage of Population Covered by at Least a 3G Mobile Network
Selected Material Access Indicators, by Region: Percentage of Population Covered by at Least an LTE/WiMAX Mobile Network
Educational Level of Crowdworkers, by Platform (%)
Digital Skills by Region and Income Group
Earnings in Months with and without Platform Earnings in the United States (%)
Trade Impact from Greater Usage of Digital Inputs, 2021–2025
Employment Impact from Greater Usage of Digital Inputs, 2021–2025
Digital Platform Penetration and Network Readiness—Asia, 2019
Digital Platform Penetration Index and Network Readiness Subindexes
Overall Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index and Dimensional Subindexes—Asia
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index—Asia Subregions and Subregional Initiatives
Regional Integration Index—Asia versus Other Regions
Regional Integration Indicators — Asia (% of total)
Trade Shares—Asia, 2019 (% of total trade)
Free Trade Agreement Status—Asia
Time to Export or Import—Asia (hours)
Logistics Performance Index (LPI) Scores—Asia (% EU-28)
Cross-Border Equity Holdings—Asia, 2019 (% of total cross-border equity holdings)
Cross-Border Debt Holdings—Asia, 2019 (% of total cross-border debt holdings)
Foreign Direct Investment Inflow Share—Asia, 2019 (% of total FDI inflows)
Remittance Inflows Share—Asia, 2019 (% of total remittance inflows)
Outbound Migration Share—Asia, 2019 (% of total outbound migrants)
Inbound Tourism Share—Asia, 2018 (% of total inbound visitors)
Outbound Tourism Share—Asia, 2018 (% of total outbound visitors)