A compilation of all figures and tables from the Asian Economic Integration Reports. Download data in CSV or follow links to view specific figure or table from the report.
ADB calculations using data from World Trade Organization. Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal. https://i-tip.wto.org/goods/default.aspx (accessed July 2022).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das, Economist,ERCI, ADB; Rolando Avendano, Economist,ERCI, ADB; and Ryan Jacildo, Consultant,ADB
Services Trade Value Growth—Asia and the Pacific (% change, year-on-year)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. https://data.imf.org/ BOP (accessed November 2022).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das, Economist,ERCI, ADB; Rolando Avendano, Economist,ERCI, ADB; and Ryan Jacildo, Consultant,ADB
Inward Foreign Direct Investment—Asia and the Pacific ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from Institute of International Finance. Monthly Emerging Markets (EM) Portfolio Flows Database. https://www.iif.com/ Research/Download-Data#PortFlows (accessed October 2022).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das, Economist,ERCI, ADB; Rolando Avendano, Economist,ERCI, ADB; and Ryan Jacildo, Consultant,ADB
Average Statutory Corporate Income Tax Rate and New Investment Incentives by Region
ADB calculations using data from Tax Foundation. Corporate Taxes database. https://taxfoundation.org/publications/corporate-tax-rates-around-the-world/ (accessed August 2022); and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2022).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das, Economist,ERCI, ADB; Rolando Avendano, Economist,ERCI, ADB; and Ryan Jacildo, Consultant,ADB
Perceived Solvency Risk—Asia and the Pacific (basis points)
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed December 2022).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das, Economist,ERCI, ADB; Rolando Avendano, Economist,ERCI, ADB; and Ryan Jacildo, Consultant,ADB
Carbon Intensive and Non-Carbon Intensive Foreign Direct Investment by Host Region (%)
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDI Markets; Groningen Growth and Development Centre. World Input-Output Database. https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/valuechain/wiod/?lang=en (accessed November 2022); and methodology based on Timmer et al. (2015).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das, Economist,ERCI, ADB; Rolando Avendano, Economist,ERCI, ADB; and Ryan Jacildo, Consultant,ADB
Effect of Regional Trade Agreements on Essential Medical Goods Trade Accounting for COVID-19 Cases
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECDStat: Digital Services Trade Restrictiveness Index. https://stats.oecd.org/?datasetcode=STRI_DIGITAL (accessed October 2022).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das, Economist,ERCI, ADB; Rolando Avendano, Economist,ERCI, ADB; and Ryan Jacildo, Consultant,ADB
Comparison of Digital Trade Provisions in Regional Agreements
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund (IMF). World Economic Outlook October 2022 Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/ WEO/weo-database/2022/October; IMF. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/dot; and WTO-OECD Balanced Trade in Services Dataset (BaTIS)—BPM6. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/trade_datasets_e.htm (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst
Growing Global and Regional Export Shares of the People’s Republic of China
ADB calculations using CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. World Trade Monitor October 2022. https://www.cpb.nl/en/world-trademonitor-october-2022; and United Nations. Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org (both accessed January 2023).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst
Monthly Trade, by Value and Volume— Asia and the Pacific
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; and CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. World Trade Monitor. https://www.cpb.nl/en/world-trade-monitor-october-2022 (accessed January 2023).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Shipping Costs and Freight Rates— Weekly Indicators (z-scores)
Bloomberg World Packaging and Containers Index z-scores
MSCI World Containers and Packaging Index z-scores
Scope:
World
Period:
Daily (2018/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg; CEIC Data Company; Freightos. Freightos Baltic Index (FBX). https://fbx.freightos.com/ (accessed January 2023); and S&P Capital IQ Pro.
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; and International Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/ dot (all accessed January 2023).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Confidence and Production Indexes versus Asia and Pacific Trade (a) Consumer confidence versus Asia and Pacific exports
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; and CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. World Trade Monitor. https://www.cpb.nl/en/ world-trade-monitor-october-2022 (all accessed January 2023).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Confidence and Production Indexes versus Asia and Pacific Trade (b) Consumer confidence versus Asia and Pacific imports
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; and CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. World Trade Monitor. https://www.cpb.nl/en/ world-trade-monitor-october-2022 (all accessed January 2023).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Confidence and Production Indexes versus Asia and Pacific Trade (c) Industrial production versus Asia and Pacific exports
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; and CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. World Trade Monitor. https://www.cpb.nl/en/ world-trade-monitor-october-2022 (all accessed January 2023).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Confidence and Production Indexes versus Asia and Pacific Trade (d) Industrial production versus Asia and Pacific imports
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; and CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis. World Trade Monitor. https://www.cpb.nl/en/ world-trade-monitor-october-2022 (all accessed January 2023).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Confidence and Production Indexes versus Asia and Pacific Trade by Commodity (a) Consumer confidence versus Asia and Pacific consumption goods exports
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; and United Nations. Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Confidence and Production Indexes versus Asia and Pacific Trade by Commodity (b) Consumer confidence versus consumption goods imports of Asia and the Pacific
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; and United Nations. Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Confidence and Production Indexes versus Asia and Pacific Trade by Commodity (c) Industrial production versus Asia and Pacific intermediate goods exports
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; and United Nations. Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Confidence and Production Indexes versus Asia and Pacific Trade by Commodity (d) Industrial production versus intermediate goods imports of Asia and the Pacific
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; and United Nations. Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Confidence and Production Indexes versus Asia and Pacific Trade by Commodity (e) Industrial production versus Asia and Pacific capital goods exports
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; and United Nations. Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Confidence and Production Indexes versus Asia and Pacific Trade by Commodity (f) Industrial production versus capital goods imports of Asia and the Pacific
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; and United Nations. Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Intraregional Trade Share—Merchandise versus Services Trade (%) (a) Merchandise trade
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/dot; and WTO-OECD Balanced Trade in Services Dataset (BaTIS)—BPM6. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/trade_datasets_e.htm (both accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Intraregional Trade Share—Merchandise versus Services Trade (%) (b) Services trade
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/dot; and WTO-OECD Balanced Trade in Services Dataset (BaTIS)—BPM6. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/trade_datasets_e.htm (both accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Merchandise and Services Trade of Asia and the Pacific, By Partner (% of total) (a) Merchandise trade
Trade share of Asia and the Pacific by partner: Merchandise goods
Scope:
Asia-Pac (excl. PRC)
China, People's Republic of
EU+UK
North America
Rest of World
Period:
Annual (1990/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/dot; and WTO-OECD Balanced Trade in Services Dataset (BaTIS)—BPM6. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/trade_datasets_e.htm (both accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Merchandise and Services Trade of Asia and the Pacific, By Partner (% of total) (b) Services trade
Trade share of Asia and the Pacific by partner: Services
Scope:
Asia-Pac (excl. PRC)
China, People's Republic of
EU+UK
North America
Rest of World
Period:
Annual (2005/2019)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/dot; and WTO-OECD Balanced Trade in Services Dataset (BaTIS)—BPM6. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/trade_datasets_e.htm (both accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
PPML coefficient estimates of the independent variables
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
World
Period:
Annual (2017/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Centre d’Études Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales (the French Research Center in International Economics). GeoDist Database. http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/cepii/cepii.asp; and United Nations. Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org (both accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst
Global and Regional Value Chain Participation Rates and Shares of Their Components (a) GVC and RVC participation rates (%)
global and regional value chain participation rate
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Period:
Annual (2000/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Multi-Regional Input–Output Tables; and methodology by Borin and Mancini (2019).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst
Changes in Asia’s Simple and Complex Global and Regional Value Chain Participation Rates (without the primary sector in all linkages) (a) Simple linkages
changes in global and regional value chain participation rate
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Period:
Annual (2000/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using ADB data. Multi-Regional Input–Output Tables; and methodology by Borin and Mancini (2019).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst
Changes in Asia’s Simple and Complex Global and Regional Value Chain Participation Rates (without the primary sector in all linkages) (b) Complex linkages
changes in global and regional value chain participation rate
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Period:
Annual (2000/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using ADB data. Multi-Regional Input–Output Tables; and methodology by Borin and Mancini (2019).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst
Growth of Trade Values and Volumes in Selected Food and Energy Commodities—Asia and the Pacific (%, year-on-year, 3-month moving average) (a) Corn and wheat exports
ADB calculations using data from United Nations (UN). Commodity Trade Database (COMTRADE). https://comtrade.un.org/; and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Commodity Terms of Trade Database (CTOT). https://data.imf.org/ (all accessed November 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Growth of Trade Values and Volumes in Selected Food and Energy Commodities—Asia and the Pacific (%, year-on-year, 3-month moving average) (b) Palm oil and rice exports
ADB calculations using data from United Nations (UN). Commodity Trade Database (COMTRADE). https://comtrade.un.org/; and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Commodity Terms of Trade Database (CTOT). https://data.imf.org/ (all accessed November 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Growth of Trade Values and Volumes in Selected Food and Energy Commodities—Asia and the Pacific (%, year-on-year, 3-month moving average) (c) Crude oil and natural gas exports
ADB calculations using data from United Nations (UN). Commodity Trade Database (COMTRADE). https://comtrade.un.org/; and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Commodity Terms of Trade Database (CTOT). https://data.imf.org/ (all accessed November 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Growth of Trade Values and Volumes in Selected Food and Energy Commodities—Asia and the Pacific (%, year-on-year, 3-month moving average) (d) Corn and wheat imports
ADB calculations using data from United Nations (UN). Commodity Trade Database (COMTRADE). https://comtrade.un.org/; and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Commodity Terms of Trade Database (CTOT). https://data.imf.org/ (all accessed November 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Growth of Trade Values and Volumes in Selected Food and Energy Commodities—Asia and the Pacific (%, year-on-year, 3-month moving average) (e) Palm oil and rice imports
ADB calculations using data from United Nations (UN). Commodity Trade Database (COMTRADE). https://comtrade.un.org/; and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Commodity Terms of Trade Database (CTOT). https://data.imf.org/ (all accessed November 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Growth of Trade Values and Volumes in Selected Food and Energy Commodities—Asia and the Pacific (%, year-on-year, 3-month moving average) (f) Crude oil and natural gas imports
ADB calculations using data from United Nations (UN). Commodity Trade Database (COMTRADE). https://comtrade.un.org/; and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Commodity Terms of Trade Database (CTOT). https://data.imf.org/ (all accessed November 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Average Prices of Food and Energy Commodities in Selected Major Commodity Markets (15 July 2021 = 100) (a) Corn and wheat
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg and CEIC Data Company; and Laborde, D. and A. Mamun. Food Export & Fertilizer Restrictions Tracker. https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/laborde6680/viz/ExportRestrictionsTracker/FoodExportRestrictionsTracker (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Average Prices of Food and Energy Commodities in Selected Major Commodity Markets (15 July 2021 = 100) (b) Palm oil and rice
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg and CEIC Data Company; and Laborde, D. and A. Mamun. Food Export & Fertilizer Restrictions Tracker. https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/laborde6680/viz/ExportRestrictionsTracker/FoodExportRestrictionsTracker (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Average Prices of Food and Energy Commodities in Selected Major Commodity Markets (15 July 2021 = 100) (c) Crude oil and natural gas
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg and CEIC Data Company; and Laborde, D. and A. Mamun. Food Export & Fertilizer Restrictions Tracker. https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/laborde6680/viz/ExportRestrictionsTracker/FoodExportRestrictionsTracker (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
ADB calculations using Laborde, D. and A. Mamun. Food Export & Fertilizer Restrictions Tracker. https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/ laborde6680/viz/ExportRestrictionsTracker/FoodExportRestrictionsTracker (accessed January 2023)
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Food and Energy Net Trade—Selected Asian Economies (% of GDP)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations. Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Foreign Exchange Rates of Asian Economies (15 July 2021 = 100) (a) South Asia
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg (accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Changes in Estimated 2022 Import Prices of Food and Energy Commodities in Local Currency—Asia and the Pacific (3 January 2022 to 30 November 2022, %) (a) Crude oil and natural gas
Percentage change in estimated 2022 local currency import prices of food and energy commodities
Scope:
Armenia
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China, People's Republic of
Fiji
Georgia
Hong Kong, China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Nepal
New Zealand
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Republic of Korea
Samoa
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Taipei,China
Tajikistan
Thailand
Tonga
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Viet Nam
Period:
Daily (2022/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from United Nations. Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org; Bloomberg; and CEIC (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Changes in Estimated 2022 Import Prices of Food and Energy Commodities in Local Currency—Asia and the Pacific (3 January 2022 to 30 November 2022, %) (b) Palm oil and rice
Percentage change in estimated 2022 local currency import prices of food and energy commodities
Scope:
Armenia
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China, People's Republic of
Fiji
Georgia
Hong Kong, China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Nepal
New Zealand
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Republic of Korea
Samoa
Singapore
Solomon Islands
Sri Lanka
Taipei,China
Tajikistan
Thailand
Tonga
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Viet Nam
Period:
Daily (2022/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from United Nations. Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org; Bloomberg; and CEIC (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Changes in Estimated 2022 Import Prices of Food and Energy Commodities in Local Currency—Asia and the Pacific (3 January 2022 to 30 November 2022, %) (c) Corn and wheat
number of newly effect Asian free trade agreements
share of Asian free trade agreements to global free trade agreements
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Period:
Annual (1975/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using ADB data. Asia Regional Integration Center FTA Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/fta; and World Trade Organization. Regional Trade Agreement Information System. http://rtais.wto.org (both accessed December 2022).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli, Economist; Donna Faye Bajaro, Economic Analyst; Gerald Gracius Yee Pascua, Economic Research Analyst
New Regional Trade Agreements in Asia and the Pacific, December 2021–December 2022
ADB calculations using data from the World Trade Organization. Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal. https://i-tip.wto.org/goods/default.aspx (accessed July 2022).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli, Economist; Donna Faye Bajaro, Economic Analyst; Gerald Gracius Yee Pascua, Economic Research Analyst
Share of Total Trade Covered by Restrictive and Liberalizing Interventions by Region—World (%) (a) Share of total trade covered by restrictive interventions
share of total trade covered by restrictive interventions
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
EU+UK
North America
Rest of World
Period:
Annual (2019/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Alert. https://www.globaltradealert.org/ (accessed August 2022); and UN Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org/ (accessed August 2022).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli, Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst; Donna Faye Bajaro, Economic Analyst; Gerald Gracius Yee Pascua, Economic Research Analyst
Share of Total Trade Covered by Restrictive and Liberalizing Interventions by Region—World (%) (b) Share of total trade subject to liberalizing interventions
share of total trade covered by liberalizing interventions
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
EU+UK
North America
Rest of World
Period:
Annual (2019/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Alert. https://www.globaltradealert.org/ (accessed August 2022); and UN Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org/ (accessed August 2022).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli, Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst; Donna Faye Bajaro, Economic Analyst; Gerald Gracius Yee Pascua, Economic Research Analyst
Share of Total Trade Covered by Restrictive and Liberalizing Interventions by Asian Subregion (%) (a) Share of total trade subject to restrictive interventions
share of total trade covered by restrictive interventions
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Central Asia
East Asia
Oceania
Pacific-excl. AUS and NZ
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Period:
Annual (2019/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Alert. https://www.globaltradealert.org/; and UN Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org/ (both accessed August 2022).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli, Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst; Donna Faye Bajaro, Economic Analyst; Gerald Gracius Yee Pascua, Economic Research Analyst
Share of Total Trade Covered by Restrictive and Liberalizing Interventions by Asian Subregion (%) (b) Share of total trade subject to liberalizing interventions
share of total trade covered by liberalizing interventions
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Central Asia
East Asia
Oceania
Pacific-excl. AUS and NZ
South Africa
South Asia
Period:
Annual (2019/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Alert. https://www.globaltradealert.org/; and UN Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org/ (both accessed August 2022).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli, Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst; Donna Faye Bajaro, Economic Analyst; Gerald Gracius Yee Pascua, Economic Research Analyst
Share of Total Trade Subject to Trade Interventions from 2019 to 2022, by Selected Commodity Group— Asia and the Pacific (%) (a) Share of total trade covered by restrictive interventions
share of total trade covered by restrictive interventions
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
EU+UK
North America
Rest of World
Period:
Annual (2019/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Alert. https://www.globaltradealert.org/; and UN Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org/ (both accessed August 2022).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli, Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst; Donna Faye Bajaro, Economic Analyst; Gerald Gracius Yee Pascua, Economic Research Analyst
Share of Total Trade Subject to Trade Interventions from 2019 to 2022, by Selected Commodity Group— Asia and the Pacific (%) (b) Share of total trade covered by liberalizing interventions
share of total trade covered by liberalizing interventions
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
EU+UK
North America
Rest of World
Period:
Annual (2019/2022)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Global Trade Alert. https://www.globaltradealert.org/; and UN Commodity Trade Database. https://comtrade.un.org/ (both accessed August 2022).
Author:
Pramila Crivelli, Economist; Joshua Anthony Gapay, Senior Economic Analyst; Donna Faye Bajaro, Economic Analyst; Gerald Gracius Yee Pascua, Economic Research Analyst
Total Inward Foreign Direct Investment— Balance of Payments
ADB calculations using data from ASEAN Secretariat. ASEANstats Data Portal. https://data.aseanstats.org (accessed July 2019); CEIC Data Company; Eurostat. Balance of Payments. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat (accessed July 2022); International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook April 2022 database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/ April (accessed April 2022); and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2022 Statistical Annex Tables. https://worldinvestmentreport.unctad.org/annex-tables/ (accessed June 2022).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Top 10 Destinations of Foreign Direct Investment—World and Asia and the Pacific ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2022 Statistical Annex Tables. https://worldinvestmentreport.unctad.org/annex-tables/ (accessed June 2022).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Quarterly Global Inward Foreign Direct Investment—Firm-Level ($ billion) (a) Greenfield FDI
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2022 Statistical Annex Tables. https://worldinvestmentreport. unctad.org/annex-tables/ (accessed June 2022).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Top 10 Sources of Foreign Direct Investment—World and Asia and the Pacific ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. World Investment Report 2022 Statistical Annex Tables. https://worldinvestmentreport.unctad.org/annex-tables/ (accessed June 2022).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Quarterly Outward Foreign Direct Investment—Asia and the Pacific, Firm-Level ($ billion) (a) Greenfield FDI
PwC Green Taxes and Incentives Tracker. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/ services/tax/green-tax-and-incentives-tracker.html (accessed October 2022); and Watkins et al. (2018).
Broadband and Mobile Subscriptions and Service Cost in 2020 (a) Broadband
International Telecommunication Union (ITU). ITU Statistics database. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx (accessed September 2022).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Ryan Jacildo / Jacildo, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank
Broadband and Mobile Subscriptions and Service Cost in 2020 (b) Mobile
International Telecommunication Union (ITU). ITU Statistics database. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx (accessed September 2022).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Ryan Jacildo / Jacildo, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank
Mobile and Fixed Broadband Market Structures—Selected Asia and Pacific Economies
ADB compilation based on Giga, BCG, and ITU (2021); Government of India, Department of Telecommunications (2022); GSMA (2022); Rasmussen (2022); and Statista (2021).
Regulatory Framework for Infrastructure Sharing in the Telecommunications Sector (%)
ADB calculations using data from the International Telecommunication Union. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx (accessed October 2022).
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Ryan Jacildo / Jacildo, Asian Development Bank Lovely Ann Tolin / Tolin, Asian Development Bank
Foreign Direct Investment Regulatory Restrictiveness, Telecommunications—Selected Asian Economies, 2018
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. ASEAN FDI Regulatory Restrictions Database. https://qdd.oecd.org/subject.aspx?Subject=ASEAN_INDEX (accessed October 2022).
Government of the United States, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. 2022. Summary of Economic Projections. FOMC Meeting. Washington, DC. 13–14 December.
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
ADB calculations using data from the Institute of International Finance. Monthly Emerging Markets Portfolio Flows Database. https://www.iif.com/ Research/Download-Data#PortFlows (accessed December 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Exchange Rate, $/LCU—Selected Asian Currencies, Index (2 January 2020 = 100)
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Financial Stress Index. https://aric.adb.org/database/fsi (accessed January 2023); and methodology by Park, C. Y. and R. Mercado. 2014. Determinants of Financial Stress in Emerging Market Economies. Journal of Banking and Finance. 45. pp 199–224.
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Financial Stress Index -- Selected Asian Economies
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Financial Stress Index. https://aric.adb.org/database/fsi (accessed January 2023); and methodology by Park, C. Y. and R. Mercado. 2014. Determinants of Financial Stress in Emerging Market Economies. Journal of Banking and Finance. 45. pp 199–224.
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg; CEIC Data Company; and methodology by Lee, J. W. and C. Y. Park. 2011. Financial Integration in Emerging Asia: Challenges and Prospects. Asian Economic Policy Review. 6 (2). pp. 176–198.
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Variance Decomposition of Bond Returns— Asia and the Pacific (%)
ADB calculations using data from Bloomberg; CEIC Data Company; and methodology by Lee, J. W. and C. Y. Park. 2011. Financial Integration in Emerging Asia: Challenges and Prospects. Asian Economic Policy Review. 6 (2). pp. 176–198.
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Debt Service Ratio of the Nonfinancial Private Sector (%)
ADB calculations using data from Institute of International Finance (IIF). Frontier Debt Monitor Database November 2022. https://www.iif.com/Research/ Download-Data#DebtMonitors (accessed December 2022); and IIF. Global Debt Monitor September 2022. https://www.iif.com/Research/Capital-Flows-and-Debt/ Global-Debt-Monitor (accessed October 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Sovereign Debt Ratio—Selected Asian Economies (% of GDP)
ADB calculations using data from Institute of International Finance (IIF). Frontier Debt Monitor Database November 2022. https://www.iif.com/Research/ Download-Data#DebtMonitors (accessed December 2022); and IIF. Global Debt Monitor September 2022. https://www.iif.com/Research/Capital-Flows-and-Debt/ Global-Debt-Monitor (accessed October 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Corporate Debt Ratio—Selected Asian Economies (% of GDP)
ADB calculations using data from Institute of International Finance (IIF). Frontier Debt Monitor Database November 2022. https://www.iif.com/Research/ Download-Data#DebtMonitors (accessed December 2022); and IIF. Global Debt Monitor September 2022. https://www.iif.com/Research/Capital-Flows-and-Debt/ Global-Debt-Monitor (accessed October 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Household Debt Ratio—Selected Asian Economies (% of GDP)
ADB calculations using data from Institute of International Finance (IIF). Frontier Debt Monitor Database November 2022. https://www.iif.com/Research/ Download-Data#DebtMonitors (accessed December 2022); and IIF. Global Debt Monitor September 2022. https://www.iif.com/Research/Capital-Flows-and-Debt/ Global-Debt-Monitor (accessed October 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
ADB calculations using data from ADB. AsianBondsOnline. Data Portal: Bond Market. https://asianbondsonline.adb.org/data-portal (accessed January 2023); and CEIC Data Company.
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed April 2022); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed April 2022); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Change in Outward Portfolio Debt Investment—Asia and the Pacific ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Change in Outward Portfolio Equity Investment—Asia and the Pacific ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Cross-Border Bank Claims Loans and Deposit Flows—Asia and the Pacific ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from the Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed April 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Cross-Border Bank Liabilities Loans and Deposit Flows—Asia and the Pacific ($ billion)
cross-border bank liabilities loan and deposit flows
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
EU-28
Rest of World
United States
Period:
Annual (2017/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from the Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed April 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Cross-Border Liabilities—Asia and the Pacific -- 2017
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed April 2022); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Cross-Border Liabilities—Asia and the Pacific -- 2021
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed April 2022); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); and IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Change in Inward Portfolio Debt Investment—Asia and the Pacific ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Change in Inward Portfolio Equity Investment—Asia and the Pacific ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Currency Composition of Asia and the Pacific’s International Total Investment, 2021 -- Total assets
International Investment Position currency composition of total assets
JPY
LCU
USD
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Period:
Spot (2021/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed August 2022); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIP (accessed September 2022). IMF. Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf. org/cpis; and IMF. Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves. https://data.imf.org/COFER (both accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Currency Composition of Asia and the Pacific’s International Total Investment, 2021 -- Total liabilities
International Investment Position currency composition of total liabilities
JPY
LCU
USD
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Period:
Spot (2021/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed August 2022); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIP (accessed September 2022). IMF. Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf. org/cpis; and IMF. Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves. https://data.imf.org/COFER (both accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Currency Composition of Asia and the Pacific’s International Debt Investment, 2021 -- Debt assets
International Investment Position currency composition of debt assets
JPY
LCU
USD
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Period:
Spot (2021/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed August 2022); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIP (accessed September 2022). IMF. Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf. org/cpis; and IMF. Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves. https://data.imf.org/COFER (both accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Currency Composition of Asia and the Pacific’s International Debt Investment, 2021 -- Debt liabilities
International Investment Position currency composition of debt liabilities
JPY
LCU
USD
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Period:
Spot (2021/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed August 2022); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIP (accessed September 2022). IMF. Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf. org/cpis; and IMF. Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves. https://data.imf.org/COFER (both accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Currency Composition of Latin America and the Caribbean’s International Total Investment, 2021 --Total assets
International Investment Position currency composition of total assets
JPY
LCU
USD
Scope:
Latin America and Caribbean
Period:
Spot (2021/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed August 2022); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIP (accessed September 2022). IMF. Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf. org/cpis; and IMF. Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves. https://data.imf.org/COFER (both accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Currency Composition of Latin America and the Caribbean’s International Total Investment, 2021 -- Total liabilities
International Investment Position currency composition of total liabilities
JPY
LCU
USD
Scope:
Latin America and Caribbean
Period:
Spot (2021/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed August 2022); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIP (accessed September 2022). IMF. Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf. org/cpis; and IMF. Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves. https://data.imf.org/COFER (both accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Currency Composition of Latin America and the Caribbean’s International Debt Investment, 2021 -- Debt assets
International Investment Position currency composition of debt assets
JPY
LCU
USD
Scope:
Latin America and Caribbean
Period:
Spot (2021/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed August 2022); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIP (accessed September 2022). IMF. Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf. org/cpis; and IMF. Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves. https://data.imf.org/COFER (both accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Currency Composition of Latin America and the Caribbean’s International Debt Investment, 2021 -- Debt liabilities
International Investment Position currency composition of debt liabilities,CNY
JPY
LCU
USD
Scope:
Latin America and Caribbean
Period:
Spot (2021/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed August 2022); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIP (accessed September 2022). IMF. Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf. org/cpis; and IMF. Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves. https://data.imf.org/COFER (both accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Currency Shares of Asia and the Pacific’s International Investment Assets and Liabilities (% of total) -- Total assets
International investment currency shares for total assets
JPY
LCU
USD
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Period:
Annual (2010/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed August 2022); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIP (accessed September 2022). IMF. Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf. org/cpis; and IMF. Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves. https://data.imf.org/COFER (both accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Currency Shares of Asia and the Pacific’s International Investment Assets and Liabilities (% of total) -- Total liabilities
International investment currency shares for total liabilities
JPY
LCU
USD
Scope:
Asia and the Pacific
Period:
Annual (2010/2021)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Bank for International Settlements. Locational Banking Statistics. https://www.bis.org/statistics/bankstats.htm (accessed August 2022); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Statistics. http://data.imf.org/IIP (accessed September 2022). IMF. Coordinated Direct Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cdis (accessed December 2022); IMF. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf. org/cpis; and IMF. Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves. https://data.imf.org/COFER (both accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Exports Share to the United States and Export Invoice in United States Dollar (%)
ADB calculations using data from Boz, E., C. Casas, G. Georgiadis, G. Gopinath, H. Le Mezo, A. Mehl, and T. Nguyen. 2020. Patterns in Invoicing Currency in Global Trade. Paper. No. 20/126. Washington, DC: IMF.; Boz, E., C. Casas, G. Georgiadis, G. Gopinath, H. Le Mezo, A. Mehl, and T. Nguyen. 2022. Patterns in Invoicing Currency in Global Trade. Journal of International Economics. 136. Article 103604.; Eurostat. Extra-EU exports (imports) by Member State, shares by invoicing currency. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/international-trade-in-goods/data/main-tables; International Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/dot (both accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Imports Share from the United States and Import Invoice in United States Dollar (%)
ADB calculations using data from Boz, E., C. Casas, G. Georgiadis, G. Gopinath, H. Le Mezo, A. Mehl, and T. Nguyen. 2020. Patterns in Invoicing Currency in Global Trade. Paper. No. 20/126. Washington, DC: IMF.; Boz, E., C. Casas, G. Georgiadis, G. Gopinath, H. Le Mezo, A. Mehl, and T. Nguyen. 2022. Patterns in Invoicing Currency in Global Trade. Journal of International Economics. 136. Article 103604.; Eurostat. Extra-EU exports (imports) by Member State, shares by invoicing currency. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/international-trade-in-goods/data/main-tables; International Monetary Fund. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/dot (both accessed September 2022).
Author:
Kang, Jong Woo / Principal Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Lapid, Ana Kristel M. / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB
Status of International Points of Entry—Global (as of December 2022)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2020. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock (accessed May 2022); and Mathieu et al. (2020).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Migration to and from Asia and the Pacific, by Region, 1990–2020 (million)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2020. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrantstock (accessed May 2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Top 10 Migrant Sending Economies in Asia and the Pacific and COVID-19 Indexes
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2020. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock (accessed May 2022); and Mathieu et al. (2020).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Outflow of Migrants from Selected Asian Economies (% share of 2019 level)
Government of Bangladesh, Bureau of Manpower, Employment, and Training. http://www.old.bmet.gov.bd/BMET/stattisticalDataAction; Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs. Performance Smartboard. http://meadashboard.gov.in/indicators/15; Government of Pakistan, Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment. https://beoe.gov.pk/reports-and-statistics (all accessed January 2023); and Kikkawa et al. (2022).
Distribution of Employed Migrants in Major Host Economies by Level of Skills (% of total) (a) Extraregional host economies
Distribution of Employed Migrants in Major Host Economies by Level of Skills (% of total)
Scope:
France
Germany
Italy
Russian Federation
Saudi Arabia
Spain
United Arab Emirates
United States
Period:
Spot (1970/1970)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from Government of Saudi Arabia, General Authority for Statistics. Labor Force. https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/814; Government of the United Arab Emirates, Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre. Statistics. https://fcsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics.aspx; International Labour Organization (ILO). ILOSTAT Database. International Standard Classification of Occupations. https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/classificationoccupation; and ILO. ILOSTAT Database. Data. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data (all accessed November 2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Distribution of Employed Migrants in Major Host Economies by Level of Skills (% of total) (b) Intraregional host economies
ADB calculations using data from Government of Saudi Arabia, General Authority for Statistics. Labor Force. https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/814; Government of the United Arab Emirates, Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre. Statistics. https://fcsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics.aspx; International Labour Organization (ILO). ILOSTAT Database. International Standard Classification of Occupations. https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/classificationoccupation; and ILO. ILOSTAT Database. Data. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data (all accessed November 2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Visas Issued to Asian Migrants in Select Migrant Host Economies (thousand)
ADB calculations using data from Government of Australia, Department of Home Affairs. Visa Statistics. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-andstatistics/statistics/visa-statistics; Government of Canada, Employment and Social Development Canada. Temporary Foreign Worker Program 2021 Q1- 2022Q3. https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/e8745429-21e7-4a73-b3f5- 90a779b78d1e; Government of the United Kingdom, Home Office. Immigration Statistics. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immigration-statisticsquarterly-release; Government of the United States, Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs. Visa Statistics. https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/legal/ visa-law0/visa-statistics.html (all accessed July 2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Status of Policies to Facilitate Orderly, Safe, Regular, and Responsible Migration and Mobility of People, 2021 (a) Asia and the Pacific
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division and International Organization for Migration (2021).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Status of Policies to Facilitate Orderly, Safe, Regular, and Responsible Migration and Mobility of People, 2021 (b) OECD
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division and International Organization for Migration (2021).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Status of Policies to Facilitate the Global Compact on Migration in Major Migrant Host Economies
ADB calculations using data from United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division and International Organization for Migration (2021).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Remittance Inflows to Asia and the Pacific, and the World
ADB calculations using data from the Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD) Remittances Data. http://www.knomad.org/ data/remittances (accessed December 2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Financial Flows in Selected Regions ($ billion) (a) Asia and the Pacific
ADB calculations using data from the Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). Remittances Data. http://www.knomad.org/ data/remittances; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (both accessed December 2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Financial Flows in Selected Regions ($ billion) (b) Europe
ADB calculations using data from the Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). Remittances Data. http://www.knomad.org/ data/remittances; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (both accessed December 2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Financial Flows in Selected Regions ($ billion) (c) Latin America and the Caribbean
ADB calculations using data from the Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). Remittances Data. http://www.knomad.org/ data/remittances; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (both accessed December 2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Financial Flows in Selected Regions ($ billion) (d) Africa
ADB calculations using data from the Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). Remittances Data. http://www.knomad.org/ data/remittances; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (both accessed December 2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). Remittances Data. http://www.knomad.org/data/ remittances (accessed December 2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). Remittances Data. http://www.knomad.org/data/ remittances (accessed May 2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; Government of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bank. Open Data Initiative. https://www.bb.org.bd/ en/index.php/econdata/index; Government of Pakistan, State Bank of Pakistan. Economic Data. https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/index2.asp; and Government of Sri Lanka, Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Economic Indicators. https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/en/statistics/economic-indicators (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Selected South Asian Currencies (16 June 2020 = 100)
ADB calculations using data from CEIC Data Company; Government of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bank. Open Data Initiative. https://www.bb.org.bd/ en/index.php/econdata/index; Government of Pakistan, State Bank of Pakistan. Economic Data. https://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/index2.asp; and Government of Sri Lanka, Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Economic Indicators. https://www.cbsl.gov.lk/en/statistics/economic-indicators (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Top 10 Remittance Recipient Economies in Asia and the Pacific (a) $ billion
Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). Remittances Data. http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances; International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook October 2022 Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October (both accessed December 2022); and United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Top 10 Remittance Recipient Economies in Asia and the Pacific (b) % of GDP
Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). Remittances Data. http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances; International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook October 2022 Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October (both accessed December 2022); and United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Top 10 Remittance Recipient Economies in Asia and the Pacific (c) $ per Capita
Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD). Remittances Data. http://www.knomad.org/data/remittances; International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook October 2022 Database. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October (both accessed December 2022); and United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Monthly Money Transfers to Central Asian Economies (year-on-year growth, %) (a) Total Inflows
ADB calculations using data from the Government of Armenia, Central Bank of Armenia. External Sector Statistics. https://www.cba.am/en/ SitePages/statexternalsector.aspx; Government of Georgia, National Bank of Georgia. Statistics Data. https://nbg.gov.ge/en/statistics/statistics-data; Government of Kazakhstan, National Bank of Kazakhstan. Statistics. https://www.nationalbank.kz/en/page/statistika; and the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic, National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic. External Sector of the Economy. https://www.nbkr.kg/index1.jsp?item=128&lang=ENG (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Monthly Money Transfers to Central Asian Economies (year-on-year growth, %) (b) Inflows from the Russian Federation
ADB calculations using data from the Government of Armenia, Central Bank of Armenia. External Sector Statistics. https://www.cba.am/en/ SitePages/statexternalsector.aspx; Government of Georgia, National Bank of Georgia. Statistics Data. https://nbg.gov.ge/en/statistics/statistics-data; Government of Kazakhstan, National Bank of Kazakhstan. Statistics. https://www.nationalbank.kz/en/page/statistika; and the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic, National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic. External Sector of the Economy. https://www.nbkr.kg/index1.jsp?item=128&lang=ENG (all accessed December 2022).
Author:
Kijin Kim /Senior Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Source of Money Transfers to Selected Central Asian Economies (% of total)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Recovery Tracker. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourismrecovery-tracker (accessed December 2022).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das /Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Contributor:
Pilar Dayag / Statistician, ADB.
International Tourist Arrivals (b) Total Arrivals (as share of 2019 level)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Recovery Tracker. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourismrecovery-tracker (accessed December 2022).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das /Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Data Dashboard. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/ unwto-tourism-dashboard (accessed December 2022).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das /Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Contributor:
Pilar Dayag / Statistician, ADB.
International Tourism Receipts ($ billion) (a) Asia and the Pacific versus World
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. UNWTO Tourism Data Dashboard. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwtotourism-dashboard (accessed November 2022).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das /Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Contributor:
Pilar Dayag / Statistician, ADB.
International Tourism Receipts ($ billion) (b) Major regions
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. UNWTO Tourism Data Dashboard. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwtotourism-dashboard (accessed November 2022).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das /Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Contributor:
Pilar Dayag / Statistician, ADB.
International Tourism Receipts ($ billion) (c) Asian subregions
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. UNWTO Tourism Data Dashboard. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwtotourism-dashboard (accessed November 2022).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das /Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
Contributor:
Pilar Dayag / Statistician, ADB.
International Tourism: Export Revenues and Contribution to Gross Domestic Product—Asia and the Pacific
United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO 2022a); UNWTO. Tourism Data Dashboard. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourismdashboard; World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (both accessed November 2022); and World Travel and Tourism Council. Economic Impact Reports. https://wttc.org/Research/Economic-Impact.
International Tourist Arrivals and Growth Rates—Asia and the Pacific versus the World
ADB staff compilation using ADB (2003); Cherry (2004); Clark (2007); Goretti et al. (2021); Kuo et al. (2008); Little (2020); US Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics (2021); UNWTO (2009, 2021, 2022b); and World Economic Forum (2022).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das /Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from University of Oxford, Blavatnik School of Government. Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker Database. https://github. com/OxCGRT/covid-policy-tracker/tree/master/data/timeseries (accessed October 2022). In Hale et al. (2021).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das /Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
COVID-19 Vaccination Profile by Region (% of the population) (a) Major regions
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.unwto.org (accessed December 2022).
Author:
Sanchita Basu Das /Economist, Asian Development Bank (ADB); Ma. Concepcion Latoja / Senior Economic Analyst, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.unwto.org (accessed December 2022).
Overall Integration Indexes, by Subregional Initiative
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asian Development Outlook database for GDP growth; and Haver Analytics, Inc. for nominal GDP, population, and trade.
Contributor:
CAREC Secretariat including staff from the Regional Cooperation and Operations Coordination Division of the Central and West Asia Department and Public Management, Financial Sector, and Regional Cooperation Division of East Asia Department, ADB.
Investments by Funding Source—Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program (as of 30 June 2022, $ billion)
CAREC Secretariat including staff from the Regional Cooperation and Operations Coordination Division of the Central and West Asia Department and Public Management, Financial Sector, and Regional Cooperation Division of East Asia Department, ADB.
Investments by Sector—Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program ($ billion)
CAREC Secretariat including staff from the Regional Cooperation and Operations Coordination Division of the Central and West Asia Department and Public Management, Financial Sector, and Regional Cooperation Division of East Asia Department, ADB.
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asian Development Outlook database for GDP growth and inflation; CEIC Data Company for Guangxi ZAR and Yunnan Province, PRC; and Haver Analytics, Inc. for nominal GDP, population, and trade.
Contributor:
GMS Secretariat, Southeast Asia Department, ADB
Selected Economic Indicators, 2021—Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asian Development Outlook database for GDP growth; and Haver Analytics, Inc. for nominal GDP, population, and trade.
Contributor:
Thiam Hee Ng, Dongxiang Li, Lani Garnace, and John Mercurio of the South Asia Department
Selected Economic Indicators, 2021—South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asian Development Outlook database for GDP growth; and Haver Analytics, Inc. for nominal GDP, population, and trade.
Contributor:
Thiam Hee Ng, Tadateru Hayashi, Pia Corrina Reyes, Esnerjames Fernandez, Jesusito Tranquilino, and Leticia de Leon of the South Asia Department
Total Portfolio By Sector—South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation, 2001–2022 (as of 31 October 2022)
ADB calculations using data from ADB. Asian Development Outlook database for GDP growth; and Haver Analytics, Inc. for nominal GDP, population, and trade.
Contributor:
Thiam Hee Ng, Dongxiang Li, Lani Garnace, and Subash Sharma of the South Asia Department
ADB Regional Investment in the Pacific— Loans and Grants, 2010–2022
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed December 2022).
Subregional Integration Indexes (b) Greater Mekong Subregion Program
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed December 2022).
Subregional Integration Indexes (c) South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC)
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed December 2022).
Subregional Integration Indexes (d) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed December 2022).
Subregional Integration Indexes (e) Bay of Bengal Initiative for MultiSectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed December 2022).
ADB calculations using data from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters - CRED. EM-DAT The International Disaster Database. http://www.emdat.be (accessed January 2023).
Number of Disasters, 2000–2021 (b) By Asian subregion
ADB calculations using data from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters - CRED. EM-DAT The International Disaster Database. http://www.emdat.be (accessed January 2023).
Production- and Demand-Based Carbon Emissions—Asia versus Non-Asia (giga tonnes CO2 )
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set.
Gross Domestic Product by Economic Activity (% of GDP)
ADB calculations using data from World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/ (accessed December 2022); and domestic sources.
Share of Industrial Inputs in Total Imports— Asia and the Pacific, European Union, United States (%)
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set.
Embodied Carbon Emissions in Exports (million tonnes) (b) By Asian subregion
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set.
Embodied Carbon Emissions in Imports (million tonnes) (a) By region
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set.
Embodied Carbon Emissions in Imports (million tonnes) (b) By Asian subregion
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set.
Asian Subregions’ Carbon Emissions Embodied in Exports by Destination, 2019 (million tonnes)
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set.
Asian Subregions’ Carbon Emissions Embodied in Imports by Source, 2019 (million tonnes)
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set.
Average Annual Net Carbon Emissions Balance by Major Trade Partners, 2014–2019—Asian Economies (million tonnes) (a) North America
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set.
Average Annual Net Carbon Emissions Balance by Major Trade Partners, 2014–2019—Asian Economies (million tonnes) (b) Europe
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set.
Average Annual Net Carbon Emissions Balance by Major Trade Partners, 2014–2019—Asian Economies (million tonnes) (c) Australia
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set.
Average Annual Net Carbon Emissions Balance by Major Trade Partners, 2014–2019—Asian Economies (million tonnes) (d) Japan
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set.
Net Carbon Emission Balance with the People’s Republic of China, 2014–2019 (million tonnes)
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set.
Production Carbon Emission Factor by Region (tonnes CO2 per $ million)
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-developmentindicators (accessed January 2023).
Production Carbon Emission Factor by Asian Subregions (tonnes CO2 per $ million)
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set; and World Bank. World Development Indicators. https://databank. worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators (accessed January 2023).
Carbon Emissions Intensity of Gross Exports and Imports, by Region (tonnes CO2 per $ million) (a) Exports
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set.
Carbon Emissions Intensity of Gross Exports and Imports, by Region (tonnes CO2 per $ million) (b) Imports
ADB calculations using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set.
Carbon Emissions Intensity per Industry and Trade Shares per Region, 2018 (a) CO2 intensity per industry, exports (tonnes per $ million)
Kang, Gapay, and Quizon (2022) using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECDstat: Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set. https://stats.oecd.org (accessed December 2021).
Carbon Emissions Intensity per Industry and Trade Shares per Region, 2018 (b) Industry shares in exports (%)
Kang, Gapay, and Quizon (2022) using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECDstat: Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set. https://stats.oecd.org (accessed December 2021).
Carbon Emissions Intensity per Industry and Trade Shares per Region, 2018 (c) CO2 intensity per industry, imports (tonnes per $ million)
Kang, Gapay, and Quizon (2022) using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECDstat: Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set. https://stats.oecd.org (accessed December 2021).
Carbon Emissions Intensity per Industry and Trade Shares per Region, 2018 (d) Industry shares in imports (%)
Kang, Gapay, and Quizon (2022) using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECDstat: Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set. https://stats.oecd.org (accessed December 2021).
Carbon Emissions Embodied in Exports By Sector, 2018 (tonnes per $ million) (a) Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning, and water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
Kang, Gapay, and Quizon (2022) using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECDstat: Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set. https://stats.oecd.org (accessed December 2021).
Carbon Emissions Embodied in Exports By Sector, 2018 (tonnes per $ million) (b) Basic metals and fabricated metal products
Kang, Gapay, and Quizon (2022) using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECDstat: Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set. https://stats.oecd.org (accessed December 2021).
Carbon Emissions Embodied in Exports By Sector, 2018 (tonnes per $ million) (c) Furniture; other manufacturing; repair and installation
Kang, Gapay, and Quizon (2022) using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECDstat: Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set. https://stats.oecd.org (accessed December 2021).
Carbon Emissions Embodied in Exports By Sector, 2018 (tonnes per $ million) (d) Chemicals and nonmetallic mineral products
Kang, Gapay, and Quizon (2022) using data from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECDstat: Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade (TECO2 ) data set. https://stats.oecd.org (accessed December 2021).
Composition of Carbon and Non-Carbon Intensive Industry FDI (%) (a) By sector
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDI Markets; Groningen Growth and Development Centre. World Input-Output Database (WIOD). https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/valuechain/wiod/?lang=en (accessed November 2022); and WIOD methodology based on Timmer et al. (2015).
Composition of Carbon and Non-Carbon Intensive Industry FDI (%) (b) By economic activity
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDI Markets; Groningen Growth and Development Centre. World Input-Output Database (WIOD). https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/valuechain/wiod/?lang=en (accessed November 2022); and WIOD methodology based on Timmer et al. (2015).
Carbon Intensive and Non-Carbon Intensive Foreign Direct Investment by Host Region ($ billion) (a) Carbon intensive industries
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDI Markets; and Groningen Growth and Development Centre. World Input-Output Database. https://www. rug.nl/ggdc/valuechain/wiod/?lang=en (accessed November 2022); and methodology based on Timmer et al. (2015).
Carbon Intensive and Non-Carbon Intensive Foreign Direct Investment by Host Region ($ billion) (b) Non-carbon intensive industries
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDI Markets; and Groningen Growth and Development Centre. World Input-Output Database. https://www. rug.nl/ggdc/valuechain/wiod/?lang=en (accessed November 2022); and methodology based on Timmer et al. (2015).
Carbon Intensive and Non-Carbon Intensive Foreign Direct Investment by Asian Subregions ($ billion) (a) Carbon intensive industries
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDI Markets; and Groningen Growth and Development Centre. World Input-Output Database. https://www. rug.nl/ggdc/valuechain/wiod/?lang=en (accessed November 2022); and methodology based on Timmer et al. (2015).
Carbon Intensive and Non-Carbon Intensive Foreign Direct Investment by Asian Subregions ($ billion) (b) Non-carbon intensive industries
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDI Markets; and Groningen Growth and Development Centre. World Input-Output Database. https://www. rug.nl/ggdc/valuechain/wiod/?lang=en (accessed November 2022); and methodology based on Timmer et al. (2015).
Job Creation in Greenfield Foreign Direct Investment for Carbon Intensive and Non-Carbon Intensive Industries (%) (a) Carbon intensive industries
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDI Markets; and Groningen Growth and Development Centre. World Input-Output Database. https://www. rug.nl/ggdc/valuechain/wiod/?lang=en (accessed November 2022); and methodology based on Timmer et al. (2015).
Job Creation in Greenfield Foreign Direct Investment for Carbon Intensive and Non-Carbon Intensive Industries (%) (b) Non-carbon intensive industries
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDI Markets; and Groningen Growth and Development Centre. World Input-Output Database. https://www. rug.nl/ggdc/valuechain/wiod/?lang=en (accessed November 2022); and methodology based on Timmer et al. (2015).
Sources of Greenfield Foreign Direct Investment for Asia and the Pacific (%) (a) Carbon intensive industries
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDI Markets; Groningen Growth and Development Centre. World Input-Output Database (WIOD). https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/valuechain/wiod/?lang=en (accessed November 2022); and WIOD methodology based on Timmer et al. (2015).
Sources of Greenfield Foreign Direct Investment for Asia and the Pacific (%) (b) Non-carbon intensive industries
ADB calculations using data from Financial Times. fDI Markets; Groningen Growth and Development Centre. World Input-Output Database (WIOD). https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/valuechain/wiod/?lang=en (accessed November 2022); and WIOD methodology based on Timmer et al. (2015).
Estimated Greenfield Foreign Direct Investment toward Environmental Goods and Services (3-year moving averages) (a) FDI in environmental goods and services by region (% of region’s total)
ADB calculations using data from Bureau van Dijk. Zephyr M&A Database; and Financial Times. fDi Markets.
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Estimated Greenfield Foreign Direct Investment toward Environmental Goods and Services (3-year moving averages) (b) FDI in environmental goods and services—Asia and the Pacific ($ billion)
ADB calculations using data from Bureau van Dijk. Zephyr M&A Database; and Financial Times. fDi Markets.
Author:
Rolando Avendano / Avendano, Asian Development Bank Clemence Fatima Cruz / Cruz, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank
Contributor:
(Avendano, Rolando / Economist, Asian Development Bank; Cruz, Clemence Fatima / Economic Analyst, Asia Regional Integration Center, Asian Development Bank)
Correlation of Stringency and Enforcement of Environmental Regulations
Share of environmental services imports to total services imports
Scope:
Africa
Asia and the Pacific
European Union
Latin America and Caribbean
Middle East
Non-EU Europe
North America
Rest of World
Period:
Annual (2005/2020)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from World Trade Organization. Statistics on trade in commercial services. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/ tradeserv_stat_e.htm (accessed August 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Share of Regional Environmental Services in Total Imports and Exports (%) (b) Exports
Share of environmental services exports to total services exports
Scope:
Africa
Asia and the Pacific
European Union
Latin America and Caribbean
Middle East
Non-EU Europe
North America
Rest of World
Period:
Annual (2005/2020)
Source:
ADB calculations using data from World Trade Organization. Statistics on trade in commercial services. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/ tradeserv_stat_e.htm (accessed August 2022).
Author:
Jong Woo Kang, Principal Economist; Kevin Daniel Quizon, Economic Analyst
Price of Solar Modules in the Top Producing Economies ($ per watt)
International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA PVPS). National Survey Reports of PV Power Application: Solar Module Prices. https://iea-pvps.org/national-survey-reports/ (accessed November 2022); International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (2021); TaghizadehHesary, Yoshino, and Inagaki (2018); and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECDstat: Exchange Rates. https://stats.oecd.org/ (accessed November 2022).
Environment-Related Certifications by Region and in Asia and the Pacific (a) Share of ISO 14001 certificates (%)
ISO. Committee 09: ISO Survey of Certifications to Management System Standards—Full Results. https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink?func=ll&objId=188087 72&objAction=browse&viewType=1ISO survey (accessed October 2022).
Environment-Related Certifications by Region and in Asia and the Pacific (b) Number of ISO 14001 certificates issued—Asia and the Pacific
ISO. Committee 09: ISO Survey of Certifications to Management System Standards—Full Results. https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink?func=ll&objId=188087 72&objAction=browse&viewType=1ISO survey (accessed October 2022).
Environment-Related Certifications by Region and in Asia and the Pacific (c) ISO 14001 certificates and sites, 2020
ISO. Committee 09: ISO Survey of Certifications to Management System Standards—Full Results. https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink?func=ll&objId=188087 72&objAction=browse&viewType=1ISO survey (accessed October 2022).
Preferential Trade Agreements and Environmental Provisions (a) Number of PTAs and average number of environmental provisions, World
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Free Trade Agreement Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/fta (accessed May 2022); Brandi et al. (2020); Kim et al. (2022); and World Trade Organization. Regional Trade Agreements Database. https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx (accessed May 2022).
Preferential Trade Agreements and Environmental Provisions (b) Percentage of active RTAs with trade facilitation and environmental chapters, Asia and the Pacific (%)
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Free Trade Agreement Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/fta (accessed May 2022); Brandi et al. (2020); Kim et al. (2022); and World Trade Organization. Regional Trade Agreements Database. https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx (accessed May 2022).
International Investment Agreements with Environmental Reference, by Region and Treaty Element (% share of total) (a) Bilateral investment treaties
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Investment Policy Hub: International Investment Agreements Navigator. https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements (accessed May 2022).
International Investment Agreements with Environmental Reference, by Region and Treaty Element (% share of total) (b) Treaties with investment provisions
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Investment Policy Hub: International Investment Agreements Navigator. https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements (accessed May 2022).
Carbon Pricing Initiatives Implemented in Asia and the Pacific
ADB calculations using data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Investment Policy Hub: International Investment Agreements Navigator. https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements. Bureau van Dijk. Zephyr M&A Database; and Financial Times. fDi Markets (all accessed August 2022).
Change in Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Scenario, 2022–2050 (% difference from business-as-usual)
Bureau van Dijk. Zephyr M&A Database; Financial Times. fDi Markets; Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. Industry classifications. https://www.statcan.gc.ca/ en/concepts/industry; and Government of the United States, United States Census Bureau. North American Industry Classification System. https://www.census.gov/naics/.
Revised 3-Industry Classification Based on 2-Digit NAICS Code
Bureau van Dijk. Zephyr M&A Database; Financial Times. fDi Markets; Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. Industry classifications. https://www.statcan.gc.ca/ en/concepts/industry; and Government of the United States, United States Census Bureau. North American Industry Classification System. https://www.census.gov/naics/.
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation Integration Index a: Overall Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index and Dimensional Subindexes—Asia and the Pacific
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed November 2022); and methodology from C. Y. Park and R. Claveria. 2018. Constructing the Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: A Panel Approach. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 544. Manila: ADB; H. Huh and C. Y. Park. 2018. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. Journal of Asian Economics. 54. pp. 22–38; and H. Huh and C.Y. Park. 2017. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 511. Manila: ADB.
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation Integration Index b: Overall Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index—Asian Subregions and Subregional Initiatives
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed November 2022); and methodology from C. Y. Park and R. Claveria. 2018. Constructing the Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: A Panel Approach. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 544. Manila: ADB; H. Huh and C. Y. Park. 2018. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. Journal of Asian Economics. 54. pp. 22–38; and H. Huh and C.Y. Park. 2017. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 511. Manila: ADB.
Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation Integration Index c: Regional Integration Index—Asia and the Pacific and Other Regions
ADB. Asia Regional Integration Center. Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index Database. https://aric.adb.org/database/arcii (accessed November 2022); and methodology from C. Y. Park and R. Claveria. 2018. Constructing the Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: A Panel Approach. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 544. Manila: ADB; H. Huh and C. Y. Park. 2018. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. Journal of Asian Economics. 54. pp. 22–38; and H. Huh and C.Y. Park. 2017. Asia-Pacific Regional Integration Index: Construction, Interpretation, and Comparison. ADB Economics Working Papers. No. 511. Manila: ADB.
Regional Integration Indicators—Asia and the Pacific (% of total)
ADB calculations using data from ASEANStats. ASEANStats Data Portal. https://data.aseanstats.org (accessed July 2019); CEIC Data Company; Eurostat. Balance of Payments. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/balance-of-payments/data/database (accessed July 2022); International Monetary Fund (IMF). Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/CPIS (accessed September 2022); IMF. Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/DOT (accessed December 2022); United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2020. http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/ population/migration/data/index.shtml (accessed May 2022); United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD); UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2022 Statistical Annex Tables. https://worldinvestmentreport.unctad.org/annex-tables (accessed July 2022); United Nations World Tourism Organization. Tourism Satellite Accounts. http://statistics.unwto.org (accessed November 2022); and World Bank. Global Knowledge Partnership for Migration and Development. Bilateral Remittance staff estimates (May 2020).
Trade Shares—Asia and the Pacific, 2021 (% of total trade)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2022).
Cross-Border Portfolio Debt Holdings—Asia and the Pacific, 2021 (% of total cross-border portfolio debt holdings)
ADB calculations using data from International Monetary Fund. Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey. https://data.imf.org/cpis (accessed September 2022).
Foreign Direct Investment Inflow Share—Asia and the Pacific, 2021 (% of total FDI inflows)
ADB calculations using data from ASEANStats. ASEANStats Data Portal. https://data.aseanstats.org (accessed July 2019); CEIC Data Company; Eurostat. Balance of Payments. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/balance-of-payments/data/database (accessed July 2022) and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD); UNCTAD. World Investment Report 2022 Statistical Annex Tables. https://worldinvestmentreport.unctad.org/annex-tables (accessed July 2022).
Remittance Inflows Share—Asia and the Pacific, 2019 (% of total remittance inflows)
ADB calculations using data from World Bank. Global Knowledge Partnership for Migration and Development. Bilateral Remittance staff estimates (May 2020).
Outbound Migration Share—Asia and the Pacific, 2020 (% of total outbound migrants)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. International Migrant Stock 2020. http://www. un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/index.shtml (accessed May 2022).
Inbound Tourism Share—Asia and the Pacific, 2020 (% of total inbound visitors)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization, Tourism Satellite Accounts. https://statistics.unwto.org (accessed November 2022).
Outbound Tourism Share—Asia and the Pacific, 2020 (% of total outbound visitors)
ADB calculations using data from United Nations World Tourism Organization, Tourism Satellite Accounts. https://statistics.unwto.org (accessed November 2022).